k****o 发帖数: 728 | 1 Gone!
---------------
【 以下文字转载自 Immigration 讨论区 】
发信人: kikivo (kikivo), 信区: Immigration
标 题: Review opportunity_Physical chemistry/Protein denaturation
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Dec 2 10:30:12 2014, 美东)
A general chemistry journal (IF 3-4) from a major publisher.
This paper is to study the synergetic effect of two small molecules on the
surface properties of the solution of a model protein, in order to reveal/
confirm some protein denaturation mechanisms.
Key words from abstract: Dilational surface ... 阅读全帖 |
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k****o 发帖数: 728 | 2 A general chemistry journal (IF 3-4) from a major publisher.
This paper is to study the synergetic effect of two small molecules on the
surface properties of the solution of a model protein, in order to reveal/
confirm some protein denaturation mechanisms.
Key words from abstract: Dilational surface viscoelastic properties, protein
tertiary structure, liquid-gas interface, surface elasticity of protein
solution, protein denaturation
Anybody with interest and suitable background please send me yo... 阅读全帖 |
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Y**I 发帖数: 444 | 3 single stranded DNA or chimeric DNA/RNA.
Denaturing gel takes care of secondary structure issue. |
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c**********0 发帖数: 836 | 4 Update: added English report link
中国年轻父母追捧的雅培奶粉竟然完全不符合国际标准,也未达到中国国家标准。昨天
,第三方机构香港CERResearch公司发布报告称,其送检了从中国市场购买的六个品牌
的婴幼儿配方奶粉,检测结果均不合格,雅培样品是最差的。
□检测结果
六品牌均不合格雅培喜康宝最差
CERResearch从事中国市场的调查和研究,公司 CEO Graham Earnshaw(晏格文)昨
天接受记者采访时称,公司日前从上海和香港购买了六个品牌的婴幼儿配方奶粉,邮寄
到德国一个世界一流的专业检测食品安全的实验室进行成分检测和分析。
“目前,这些样品的检测数据都出来了,我们将这些数据提供给专家,由他们做出
判断”,晏格文表示,目前专家的态度是,检测的6个样品中,没有一个符合中国国家
标准。其中,雅培的样品被检测出是送检样品中最差的一个,完全不符合国际标准,也
未达中国新国标。
>>雅培样品问题
酪蛋白太高疑高温处理
报告指出,根据中国标准,婴幼儿配方奶粉中乳清蛋白与酪蛋白的最低比例不能低
于60%,而雅培的喜康宝一段的最终检测结果为41%... 阅读全帖 |
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b*******t 发帖数: 33714 | 5 ppt直接导出来的,格式有点乱,不过有耐心的话看看还挺有意思的。
==================================
Part 3: Arts and Methods of Kitchen Arts
TOPIC: MEAT
Cooking meat
Cooking meat is all about producing the right texture and flavours.
Texture concerns the structure of meat.
Flavours are all about chemistry –the Maillard reaction.
Components of muscle
Water: 75%
Protein: 18%
Fat: ~4-10%, varies among different types of meat
Carbohydrate: just over 1%
Vitamins, minerals, various organic compounds…
Sliding-filament model of muscle... 阅读全帖 |
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c*******u 发帖数: 12899 | 6 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
midusa (midusa) 于 (Wed Mar 14 02:04:00 2012, 美东) 提到:
我是坚决反对warmer加热母乳的。
母乳最大的优点有2个。第一是抗体,第二才是好吸收。营养成分,配方奶不比母乳差-
人家配嘛。
但那个warmer很ws。在label上说对fomula和breast milk营养是安全的。没错。但更重
要的抗体呢?杀死好多了。warmer就回避了。
warmer用蒸汽加热。温度想当高。这么高的温度不怎么破坏营养-咱们大人还用100度加
热食品呢。但抗体温度稍微高点就死了。
所以我们家都是温水加热。要换1-2次水,但为了孩子,值。
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
midusa (midusa) 于 (Wed Mar 14 02:15:52 2012, 美东) 提到:
抗体不属于营养。营养是无生命的。抗体是活性蛋白。
配方奶的营养比母乳差很多?是难吸收好不。最基本的蛋白质,糖,微量元素等,都可
以加。但母... 阅读全帖 |
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h******n 发帖数: 674 | 7 一名华裔美籍女子因涉入2007年的一件国家安全信息走漏事件而被美国联邦法官剥夺美
国国籍。这名45岁李姓女子在2005年加入美籍,她名义上的假丈夫是中国公民持绿卡,
去年被驱逐出境。李姓女子是亚利桑反恐信息中心的合同工,负责头像识别技术。
Grace Li became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005. In 2009, she pleaded
guilty to knowingly making false statements in her pursuit of citizenship.
Credit: Courtesy of Grace Li
A federal judge in Arizona has ordered the U.S. government to revoke the
citizenship of a woman at the center of a 2007 security breach involving a
Chinese national who worked inside an Arizona intellige... 阅读全帖 |
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D****g 发帖数: 1551 | 8 【 以下文字转载自 Military 讨论区 】
发信人: horsemen (horseman), 信区: Military
标 题: 一名华裔美籍女子被美国联邦法官剥夺美国国籍
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Sep 5 22:38:43 2014, 美东)
一名华裔美籍女子因涉入2007年的一件国家安全信息走漏事件而被美国联邦法官剥夺美
国国籍。这名45岁李姓女子在2005年加入美籍,她名义上的假丈夫是中国公民持绿卡,
去年被驱逐出境。李姓女子是亚利桑反恐信息中心的合同工,负责头像识别技术。
Grace Li became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005. In 2009, she pleaded
guilty to knowingly making false statements in her pursuit of citizenship.
Credit: Courtesy of Grace Li
A federal judge in Arizona has ordered the U.S. government to rev... 阅读全帖 |
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s*****h 发帖数: 937 | 9 wow, somebody is really into this topic. I am flattered to see that you put
thoughts into my answer.
抗体是一活的蛋白,活的东西都会死掉,放37度也会死 ==> Ab (such as IgA) is
supposed to function well around 37 C. High temp will denature/ denaturize
it along with many other things. That's why mommies are having this
conversation. 活的东西都会死掉 --> yeah, eventually, but it's not the key of
this on-going discussion.
ps. both denature and denaturize are verbs. |
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l******n 发帖数: 11737 | 10 Whey Protein is called thus as it is obtained from Whey which is the liquid
that is left behind after milk is curdled and strained, it is a by-product
of the cheese manufacturing process. It is a compound composed of proteins
obtained from whey. It is commonly and widely used as a health supplement as
it is an excellent source of protein. It has a high nutritional value and
there are many benefits of whey protein. However there are considerable side
effects as well. It is important to monitor th... 阅读全帖 |
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g**g 发帖数: 1121 | 11 当然有用,查清真相,民事案就告到她倾家荡产。所有和中国有引渡协议的国家和地区
都不能去。而且,查清真相,知会美国移民局,她的公民身份就可能被撤销,然后不用
我说了吧。
The Immigration and Naturalization Service has authority to
institute either administrative or judicial proceedings to denaturalize
citizens whose criminal convictions disqualified them from citizenship as a
matter of law. Whether the proceedings are administrative or judicial, the
INS must establish the allegations in its complaint by clear, unequivocal,
and convincing evidence.
The INS has no auth... 阅读全帖 |
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j*****a 发帖数: 658 | 12 I am not sure if I understand you well...I thought the difference of non-
ionic (NP40, Triton X100) and ionic (SDS, sodium deoxycholate) is non-ionic
lysis buffer doesn't denature protein. Some of the antibody that recognizes
only non-denature antigen (original state, you might want to say) so that
you can't get good results if you use denature lysis buffer (SDS) with these
antibodies. In anothe word, non-denature lysis buffer is more safe. Am I
wrong?
So I am confused with what you said about "... 阅读全帖 |
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T**********t 发帖数: 1604 | 13 主要是让蛋白变性沉积,跟covalent bond没啥关系。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_%28histology%29
Precipitating fixatives - Alcohols
Precipitating (or denaturing) fixatives act by reducing the solubility of
protein molecules and (often) by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions
that give many proteins their tertiary structure. The precipitation and
aggregation of proteins is a very different process from the crosslinking
that occurs with the aldehyde fixatives.
The most common precipitating fixatives are et... 阅读全帖 |
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b*******3 发帖数: 99 | 14 To denature, use a loading buffer with the anionic denaturing detergent
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and boil the mixture at 95-100°C for 5
minutes.
Heating at 70°C for 5-10 minutes is also acceptable and may be preferable
when studying multi-pass membrane proteins. These tend to aggregate when
boiled and the aggregates may not enter the gel efficiently.
http://www.abcam.com/ps/pdf/protocols/WB-beginner.pdf
Denature |
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P*****s 发帖数: 375 | 15
I also thought so. DNA is not a very large object, so it shall resume
function on the microscopic level. And you also noted protein -- I
think protein, at least some, of course shall denature, otherwise the
creatures will resume life after expericing very low temperature :))
But which one is the reply post u r noting? And would you please tell
a little more about the "cold denature"? Is denature because of the
change of the chemical structure?
In fact, what I really want to know is about DNA th |
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w********r 发帖数: 1189 | 16 没错。
美国的酒精法很严格。
食用酒精或含酒精饮料必须有许可,税很高,而只能卖给超过法定年龄的人。
非食用的则没有。为了防止有人滥用,法律规定非食用用途的酒精必须添加某种添加剂
,以防止被引用。这种酒精叫DENATURED ALCOHOL。比如酒精燃料,出厂前必须添加一
定的汽油,如果不加,就必须交巨额的食用酒精税。
比如前面贴子说的190 proof 的 Everclear, 95%的乙醇,就是食用的,750ML大概
卖$20左右
比如,同样750ML酒精,如果是DENATURED(也就是非食用的),大概也就个$2。 |
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b********n 发帖数: 38600 | 17 【 以下文字转载自 USANews 讨论区 】
发信人: PAC4 (爱国者), 信区: USANews
标 题: 参加国内人才计划可能被剥夺美国国籍
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Jul 24 13:16:17 2018, 美东)
比中美贸易战更严重的定性:习近平打的是新冷战,为中共做事的华人将被定性加入了
危险组织。
https://youtu.be/hcAEePJeLe8
===================================================
美国移民法知识:Denaturalization是什么?
出国护士资讯 11-07 09:37
大
如今越来越多的国人朋友选择移民美国,筹备资金、办理各种手续……然而很多人却并
没有对美国的法律了解多少,其中包括移民法,如小宏曾经说过的,对美国法律没有一
知半解,去到美国是会遇到很多麻烦的。今天小宏为大家分享一篇来自一位美国移民律
师的文章,介绍什么是剥夺国籍。
正如美国公民身份可以被授予,它同样可以被撤回,这个过程称为剥夺国籍(
Denaturalization),只适用于转籍公民,天生的美国公... 阅读全帖 |
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s*****r 发帖数: 43070 | 18 应该包括直系亲属,爱国要彻底地爱,不要学耗子
[在 beijingren (to thine own self be true) 的大作中提到:]
:比中美贸易战更严重的定性:习近平打的是新冷战,为中共做事的华人将被定性加入
了危险组织。
:https://youtu.be/hcAEePJeLe8
:vhttp://www.youtube.com/v/hcAEePJeLe8
:===================================================
:美国移民法知识:Denaturalization是什么?
:出国护士资讯 11-07 09:37
:大
:如今越来越多的国人朋友选择移民美国,筹备资金、办理各种手续……然
而很多人却并没有对美国的法律了解多少,其中包括移民法,如小宏曾经说过的,对美
国法律没有一知半解,去到美国是会遇到很多麻烦的。今天小宏为大家分享一篇来自一
位美国移民律师的文章,介绍什么是剥夺国籍。
:正如美国公民身份可以被授予,它同样可以被撤回,这个过程称为剥夺国籍(
:Denaturalization),只适用... 阅读全帖 |
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c*******o 发帖数: 8869 | 19 Can Your U.S. Citizenship Be Revoked? Although rare, it is possible for a
naturalized U.S. citizen to have his or her citizenship stripped through a
process called "denaturalization." Former citizens who are denaturalized are
subject to removal (deportation) from the United States. |
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c*******o 发帖数: 8869 | 20 "Can Your U.S. Citizenship Be Revoked? Although rare, it is possible for a
naturalized U.S. citizen to have his or her citizenship stripped through a
process called "denaturalization." Former citizens who are denaturalized are
subject to removal (deportation) from the United States." |
|
发帖数: 1 | 21 比中美贸易战更严重的定性:习近平打的是新冷战,为中共做事的华人将被定性加入了
危险组织。
https://youtu.be/hcAEePJeLe8
===================================================
美国移民法知识:Denaturalization是什么?
出国护士资讯 11-07 09:37
大
如今越来越多的国人朋友选择移民美国,筹备资金、办理各种手续……然而很多人却并
没有对美国的法律了解多少,其中包括移民法,如小宏曾经说过的,对美国法律没有一
知半解,去到美国是会遇到很多麻烦的。今天小宏为大家分享一篇来自一位美国移民律
师的文章,介绍什么是剥夺国籍。
正如美国公民身份可以被授予,它同样可以被撤回,这个过程称为剥夺国籍(
Denaturalization),只适用于转籍公民,天生的美国公民不能随自己的意愿撤销美国
公民身份。剥夺国籍可是一次非常可怕的经历,因为被剥夺国籍的前美国公民可能会被
驱逐出境。
老公刚出差,老婆就做这事..
广告
图片
那么一个人会因什么被剥夺国籍呢?剥夺国籍的程序是怎样的?
剥夺国籍的原因
剥夺国籍的理... 阅读全帖 |
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L****n 发帖数: 12932 | 22 you are talking about revoking citizenship by birth (except the lying in
application)For neutralized citizen, requirement is much broader.
generally you have to be a good moral character. If you are found guilty of
certain felonies later on, they would say you are NOT a good moral character
, therefore you had lied in your application, and obtained your citizenship
illegally.
from justice.gov:
it is a requirement of being naturalized that the applicant be "a person of
good moral character." INA... 阅读全帖 |
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D*****y 发帖数: 5788 | 23 Alcohol sold as rubbing alcohol is generally isopropyl alcohol, which is
turned into acetone by your liver. Some rubbing alcohols may contain
methanol, which is toxic. Even those that are primarily ethanol are
denatured, or rendered undrinkable - often by the addition of poisonous
substances. Methanol is actually one substance commonly added to ethanol to
denature it.
What would happen if you drank rubbing alcohol? From Wikipedia:
Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing, headach... 阅读全帖 |
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q*d 发帖数: 22178 | 24 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
swjtuer (swjtuer) 于 (Tue Mar 30 23:56:30 2010, 美东) 提到:
星期一
早餐 牛奶,煮鸡蛋,玉米馒头,榨菜
早点 芦柑
午餐 中大:绿豆饭,木须肉,海米冬瓜,棒骨菠菜汤
小婴:绿豆饭,三叶瓜炒肉,海米冬瓜,棒骨菠菜汤
午点 冰糖山楂水,蔬菜饼
晚餐 棒骨冬苋菜瘦肉粥,卤肉秋叶夹馍
星期二
早餐 牛奶,蒸鸡蛋,枣泥糕
早点 香蕉
午餐 中大:胡萝卜饭,芹菜炒牛肉,珊瑚豆腐,棒骨凤尾汤
小婴:胡萝卜饭,芹菜炒肉,珊瑚豆腐,棒骨凤尾汤
午点 果汁,卤猪肝
晚餐 豌豆肉末焖饭,番茄虾皮紫菜汤
星期三
早餐 南瓜粥,卤蛋,如意肉卷
早点 脐橙
午餐 中大:金银饭,咸烧白,海米儿菜,棒骨冬苋菜汤
小婴:金银饭,樱桃肉,海米儿菜,棒骨冬苋菜汤
午点 牛奶,蛋卷
晚餐 米饭,蒜苔炒肉,芙蓉蒸蛋,棒骨海带萝卜汤
星期四
早餐 牛奶,蒸鸡蛋,奶香馒头
早点 苹果
午餐 中大:南瓜饭,什锦鱼丸,韭菜炒豆干,番茄菌类鱼汤
... 阅读全帖 |
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c**i 发帖数: 6973 | 25 (1) Leave "ruomu" alone.
He is certainly guilty of piracy/theft of itellectual property right, by
copying a (so called) news report without attribution--but nothing else.
And we do not shoot a messenger.
Don't kill the messenger. The Phrase Finder, undated.
http://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin
_board/3/messages/520.html
In fact this is a terrific "teachable moment."
(2) Judging from the timing, I presume ruomu's piracy is inspired by my
recent posting:
兰州拉面 in Manhattan. Food Board, Feb 3, 2011.
... 阅读全帖 |
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s******y 发帖数: 28562 | 26 Related question: does the anti-GFP from sigma work for denaturing condition?
The one from abcam is not very efficient in denaturing condition when SDS is
present. |
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s******y 发帖数: 28562 | 27 First, you need to put a positive control and a negative control in your gel
(try use your bacterial expression as positive control and an untranformed
bacterial lysate as negative control) to make sure your WB works.
Second, you would need to make sure you denatured the protein from cotton or
tobacco completely, because in many case there are proteins from plant that
are hard to denatured and be detected in WB. |
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h****k 发帖数: 182 | 28 这两种gel分别是来干什么的?明白protein的,但是DNA的很少听到 |
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m*******r 发帖数: 7495 | 29 pubmed
google
查好了来科普一下 谢谢~ |
|
|
D****g 发帖数: 275 | 31 是不是你95度加热denature你的samples了,如果是的话,试一下37度10min Denature
或者直接上样。
FLAG
胞系. |
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b******3 发帖数: 377 | 32 请问95度denature,我把水烧开大概97度有什么问题么?
Denature |
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x*****o 发帖数: 441 | 33 一直对于从包涵体里面提纯蛋白感兴趣. 是不是这样做不好? 我们组里面提纯的蛋白就
算是可溶性的也用non native的方法纯化,就是6M Urea denature,然后ion exchange
FPLC, 然后再dialysis. 所以最后都用包涵体了.
是不是用ion exchange 必须denature阿? |
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C*******e 发帖数: 4348 | 34 谁说ion exchange必须要denature的?!
你们组里面很奇怪啊
一般而言denature然后refolding是下下策
是没有办法时候的办法啊
怎么还有人把不是包涵体的,可溶的蛋白特别变了性纯化呢?
不太明白 |
|
l***y 发帖数: 4671 | 35 不加 SDS 的话,电泳主要靠蛋白质自己的电荷量,还要保证负电荷为主,需要 pH 高
于所关心的蛋白质的等电点。带的位置和蛋白质大小也没有严格的关系,要靠
antibody 来标记。同时因为电荷量不够,蛋白质会 aggregate,所以对 detergent 的
浓度很敏感。
SDS 主要靠长烷基链的憎水性来和憎水的蛋白链结合,所以会 denature 掉蛋白质,破
坏靠范德华力维持的 protein association。可以考虑用一系列浓度不同的低浓度 SDS
处理 sample 跑电泳,看 dimers 带的变化,做曲线再外推。这个方法还是对
detergent 的浓度特别敏感。而且外推的曲线很不直。。。
还可以考虑一些不会显著 denature 蛋白质的引入负电荷的办法,比如说 Coomassie G
-250 据说只会在 protein 表面引入负电荷。一直想试。哪位试过,谈谈感受? |
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l******n 发帖数: 143 | 36 这个俺尝试回答一下
1.你的gel是native or denatured?如果是denatured,一般非共价键的homo-dimer会分
离成monomer.
2.似乎不太明白你的描述left lane and right lane哪个蛋白被过表达?
3.可以跑个简单的MALDI-TOF质谱检测一下那个>50 kD的band是不是确定存在
4.如果你的gel是native gel without reducing reagent,你的蛋白质(们)会不会在空
气中氧化形成共价disulfide bond,可以很简单地加点还原剂做对比实验.
5.条件允许的情况下用分析超高速离心sedimentation velocity analytical
ultracentrifugation跑几个不同浓度的样品,看一看有没有reversible dimerization
进行,或者这两个条带分别是两个不相互作用的蛋白质,这个方法比SEC柱子resolution
高很多.
6.co-IP的artifect不少,最好用其他方法检验来确认
希望能帮到你哈
50KDa |
|
l****j 发帖数: 70 | 37 多谢回复!
1.denature的western blot gel
2.右边是过表达的。
3.直接在膜上测吗?我再找找方法。以前用IP的gel做过测序,50多KDa附近的都被
heavy chain cover了。
4.native gel 不加还原剂,蛋白质的分子量都变了吧。我做的是denature的,加了巯
基乙醇。
5.分析超高速离心机没有的。
6.我也在找避免artifect的方法。
dimerization
resolution |
|
S*********s 发帖数: 304 | 38 // non-denature Tandem purification
3XFLAG + HA
or
ProteinA beads(IgG domain)+HA/FLAG
His or myc affinity and specific 不够~
//denature purification
His and biotag 会比较好~ |
|
A*******8 发帖数: 353 | 39 SDS+boiling是不行的,凡是加热的都不行吧,PH太低也不行,有没有别的办法了? |
|
g*****n 发帖数: 250 | 40 many ways: e.g., phenol, acetone. |
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z****u 发帖数: 1007 | 41 是的, BrdU一定要denature才能染好。HCL处理或者heat antigen retrieval.
具体incubation time得自己琢磨,看不同体系时间肯定不一样。
要是不缺钱就用EdU吧。要好用的多。染色不用denature, 半小时搞定。 |
|
c******r 发帖数: 3778 | 42 另外就是antibody很多时候不available。毕竟,Western是denature的,而ELISA多数
都没有专门的antigen denature步骤。所以有时候western antibody做不了ELISA。那
就没办法。即使semi-quantitative也比没有强啊。 |
|
f*******e 发帖数: 628 | 43 前面好几个人都给了正解了。Snap cool 能够保持 heat denatured RNA 维持
denatured 的状态。如果你的 buffer 不是 low salt, 这一步骤非常重要。 |
|
c*****3 发帖数: 1141 | 44 网上传,清华校训原为「自强不息,厚德载物,人格独立,思想自由」,被砍了后面的八个
字,没有独立自由,剩下「自强不息,厚德载物」(典出《周易》乾卦和坤卦),但找不到确
切出处。
以下是一个关于清华大学的对比数据
诺贝尔奖获得者 中华民国国立清华大学 3:杨振宁,李政道,李远哲
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沃尔夫奖获得者 中华民国国立清华大学 1: 陈省身
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拉斯科奖 中华民国国立清华大学 1: 张明觉
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美国国家科学奖章 中华民国国立清华大学3:陈省身,杨振宁,李远哲
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美国国家科学院院士 中华民国国立清华大学:11
中共清华:0
美国国家工程学院院士 中华民国国立清华大学:7
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陈省身 31届数学系 硕士
南开大学数学系学士 国立清华大学数学系硕士 德国汉堡大学博士
曾任国立清华大学教授 国立西南联合大学教授 芝加哥大学教授;加州大学伯克利分校
教授,
数学家,微分几何学家 美国国家科学院院士
1976年获美国福特总统颁发的美国国家科学奖章
1984年,获以色列总统贺索颁发的沃... 阅读全帖 |
|
m*****u 发帖数: 3779 | 45 靠,到底谁是生物盲。你知道PCR的基本过程不?你家微波炉能90度-50度-72度循环?如
果那样的话,生物实验室还用费那么多钱去买PCR仪器?你用微波炉加热的时候会把pri
mers,nucleotides,Taq enzyme一起放进去?加热不能破坏DNA的话,PCR第一步denatur
ation是怎么实现的? |
|
x****n 发帖数: 893 | 46 不需要primer nucelotide什么的,那个变真的PCR了DNA会变多。
只有加热是不够的,冷却后DNA会自动合成。想要破坏DNA的话要专门的药剂。但是还是
很难的。
不去作案就行了。同意楼上某人的说法。最终抓住你折磨你的还是你自己的人心。
?如
pri
denatur |
|
q*d 发帖数: 22178 | 47 以前看一个discovery的纪录片,有个杀完人以后,放到汽油桶里倒上汽油使劲烧,
最后这人只剩下几颗牙齿,而这牙在上千度的高温里烧过,居然forensic的专家们
锯开牙齿,提取到了DNA,证明了死者的身份.
想彻底把DNA清除掉那是不太可能的.
?如
pri
denatur
循环
发足 |
|
m*t 发帖数: 7490 | 48 美国这边,工业酒精是人工兑5%的甲醇+5%的异丙醇的,叫denatured alcohol
国内的不知道 |
|
e****i 发帖数: 2152 | 49
methanol was added into ethanol to avoid the heavy tax on wine.
The denatured alcohol is sold at much lower price than wine. |
|
a********6 发帖数: 14468 | 50 固化?你指 Denaturalize proteins?
真菌也有细胞壁吧,结构可能和细菌不同。 |
|