l**********t
发帖数: 5754 | 1 Chapter 3.2 The First Step: “Knowing This...”
The normal Christian life must begin with a very definite ‘knowing’, which
is not just knowing something about the truth nor understanding some
important doctrine. It is not intellectual knowledge at all, but an opening
of the eyes of the heart to see what we have in Christ.
How do you know your sins are forgiven? Is it because your pastor told you
so? No, you just know it. If I ask you how you know, you simply answer, ‘I
know it!’ Such knowledge com... 阅读全帖 |
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i***e
发帖数: 3219 | 2 Why is it translated as "Beijing Normal University"? I can't find any
explanation of "normal" in the dictionary for the meaning of "teacher
training". |
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i***e
发帖数: 3219 | 3 OK. But most people won't understand this meaning in "Normal". They will
have no idea what a "normal university" is about. Are all other
universities "abnormal"? hehe. Maybe it's better to change the official
English name. Well, but I don't know what to change to. |
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k******r
发帖数: 2300 | 4 Could anybody educate me what is the difference among first normal form,
second normal form and third form? Thanks a lot. |
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b***y
发帖数: 2799 | 5 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
slipper (ohh) 于 (Thu Oct 13 20:16:21 2005) 提到:
anybody know if VC++ has a function , which take a random number as input (the
random number is between 0 and 1), and it use inverse method to output a
value, which follow normal distri.? or dose VC has normal distribution random
number generator? Thanks.
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
fightwater (QT) 于 (Fri Oct 14 12:53:06 2005) 提到:
using box-muller algorithm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo |
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y******e
发帖数: 19 | 6 【 以下文字转载自 Software 讨论区,原文如下 】
发信人: yosemite (), 信区: Software
标 题: Urgent! are they normal?
发信站: Unknown Space - 未名空间 (Fri Apr 30 02:12:36 2004) WWW-POST
I checked the processes of my notebook. There are 4 svchost.exe running with
different
memory usage : three take about 3M, one takes about 17M. Is this normal? I
worry that
some virus is ruuning under the name svchost.exe (especially the one with 17M
memory
usage). Is it possible?
Also, I use command fport to check the port numbers connecting t |
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h*******y
发帖数: 96 | 7 如果计算中需要用到normal distribution的quantile的话，会给表么，还是计算器上
可以算的，我用30xs，manual上没
找到可以算normal distribution cdf或者quantile的，谢谢！ |
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t**a
发帖数: 255 | 8 First normalize each sample to houskeeping gene, then normalize al the
samples to day 1 control,that is to set day1 control as "1". |
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t**a
发帖数: 255 | 9 I guess you first normalize each sample with housekeeping gene, then you
calculate the Mean and SD of several samples of each condition. After that
no matter how you want to normalize the Mean,just do the same thing to SD,
eg. divided by the Mean of day10 control. SD is always proportional to Mean. |
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m***o
发帖数: 272 | 10 用actin, GAPDH, TATA Binding protein(TBP), and 18s rRNA. Actin and tbp 显示
类似的降低，但是18s没变化。该选用那个来normalization呢？很多文章用18s，大家
用的时候是不是你的target gene 用1ulRT产物，而用18s的时候要稀释至少100倍呢，
不然Ct就在10，会不会因为量太高而显示不出该有的差异呢？作的是WT和knockout 老
鼠的liver，大家有没有什么好的建议？谢谢！
感觉选不好normalization， 做实验就好像有个定时炸弹在旁边一样不舒服。谢谢任何
建议！ |
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c***y
发帖数: 615 | 12 transcriptome analysis需要normalized cDNA吗？
通常什么情况下需要normalized cDNA?
多谢了！ |
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g*r
发帖数: 67 | 13 一般来说，如果目标是differential expression，不应用normalization。
normalization的一个好处是会降低整个转录组中高表达基因的含量。
早期测序实验很昂贵，如果大部分数据重复用在高表达基因身上，从gene discovery角
度来看是很浪费的。
个人意见。 |
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c***y
发帖数: 615 | 14 那是不是一个未知样本作RNAseq,同时作两个library比较好，normalized 可以看看到
底那些基因表达， non-normalized, 看看相当基因表达abundance?? |
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g*r
发帖数: 67 | 15 未知是指物种没有已知的基因组参照? 还是指没有类似的实验结果?
如果经费不是问题，当然可以制两种library。
对已知物种一般没必要normalization。基因表达量太低，生物学意义也不明了。
对未知物种，当ribosomal depletion 或polyA seletion 成功，并且sequencing
depth足够高，绝大部分有表达的基因都能测到。
normalization可以降低高表达基因的读数，但我也不确定会不会提高低表达基因的读
数。你可以先拿public data做research看变化有多大。无责任推测不会有太大帮助，
因为被测出来的基因都起码有一定的表达量。 |
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c***y
发帖数: 615 | 16 我目前的数据，illumina 都是non-normalized, pacbio都是normalized
难道pacbio已经被认为不够deep??? |
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g*r
发帖数: 67 | 17 pacbio的数据产量低。除非基因组很小，要deep就上illumina。
比较这两种平台，illumina的优势是量大质优又便宜，pacbio的优势是序列很长。各自
的优点都是对方的弱点，因此常有人在两种平台上都测。pacbio用于测基因组比较常见
，因为long read对解决repeat/duplicated区域很有帮助。
你已经在illumina测了non-normalized，pacbio要扬长避短测normalized，这是很合理
的。 |
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G*****h
发帖数: 320 | 18 计算 FPKM 本身应该就是一种 normalization 吧？
此外，可以在样本中添加 “External RNA Controls Consortium” exogenous spike-
in mRNAs，并用它们来 normalization 或者对照。这样可以用传统的和新的方法看看
能否找到不同的 DE genes，然后用 qRT-PCR 检测。
文献：Loven J, Orlando DA, Sigova AA, Lin CY, Rahl PB, Burge CB, Levens DL,
Lee TI, Young RA (2012). Revisiting global gene expression analysis. Cell.
151(3):476-482. PMID: 23101621; PMCID: PMC3505597 |
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g*r
发帖数: 67 | 19 楼主说的是制library过程中的normalization。跟数据分析中的fpkm normalization目
的是不一样的。
ERCC spike-in没用过，效果如何不便评价。只是目前看来没有普及，光打雷不下雨。
楼主勇于尝试是好事，到时记得分享经验阿。
spike-
, |
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c***y
发帖数: 615 | 20 是的，我说的事tech层面的normalization, 不是数据分析的normalization |
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A**H
发帖数: 4797 | 21 我要normalize NGS read count with GC-content
这里有一篇文章
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pon
中间有些不懂。看了些网站教材，还不是很懂，到这里问一下。只有包子答谢了。
GC-content correction
第一句
To correct for sequencing biases that arise due to preferential sequencing
of certain levels of GC content, we normalize the read depth based on the GC
content of each bin.
第二句
These values incorporate mapability information, such that we only consider
the GC content of mappable bases.
第三句
To correct the data, we first c... 阅读全帖 |
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b****t
发帖数: 34 | 22 【 以下文字转载自 Science 讨论区,原文如下 】
发信人: buffet (Mr.bean), 信区: Science
标 题: IS THIS NORMAL DURING POST DOC APPLY?
发信站: Unknown Space - 未名空间 (Sat May 15 00:04:38 2004) WWW-POST
I contact a prof, he reply me fast in the same day. then I sent references to
him on his inquiry.
after my referee sent these letters, he notified me he needs several weeks to
make sure if he will have funding or not.
Is this normal? |
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f**********g
发帖数: 107 | 23 如果两个R.V.是independent，那么结果肯定是normal。如果dependent的话感觉不是，
但翻遍手头的所有书都没找到参考。麻烦知道的顺便告知参考文献。 |
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f**********g
发帖数: 107 | 24 Good counter example, but can we also say 0 follows normal(0,0)? |
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Q******g
发帖数: 607 | 25 following that example, you can make anything you like.
why has to be normal? |
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f******k
发帖数: 297 | 26 no.
X, Y normal, Y=-X if |X|>=1, Y=X if |X|<1. |
|
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q*******n
发帖数: 1334 | 28 The sum is still normal, regardless of the dependence of the two summands.
This can be easily proved by using moment generating function. |
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f**********g
发帖数: 107 | 29 应该不是必须linear dependent。比如这个例子X, Y normal, Y=-X if |X|>=1, Y=X
if |X|<1.
one
a
yes.
X+ |
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s******h
发帖数: 539 | 30 Give any two INDEPENDENT r.v's X, Z such that
X~N(0,1), P(Z=1)=P(Z=-1)=1/2
Let Y=Z*X
Then
X,Y~N(0,1)
Cov(X,Y)=0
Because
a) P(Y<=y)=P(-X<=y|Z=-1)*P(Z=-1)+P(X<=y|Z=1)*P(Z=1)
=1/2*(P(X>=-y)+P(X<=y))
=P(X<=y)
b)
E(XY)=E[E(XY|Z)]=E[ZE(X^2|Z)]=E[ZE(X^2)]=EZ*E(X^2)=0
EX=0=EY=0
So Cov(X,Y)=0.
But
1) |X|=|Y|=> X and Y are not independent.
2) Let U=X+Y, then U is not Normally distributed.
P(U<=u)=P(U<=u|Z=-1)*P(Z=-1)+P(U<=u|Z=1)P(Z=1)
=1/2*I{u>=0}+1/2*P(X<=u/2) |
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j********3
发帖数: 9 | 31 Here's another counter example from
http://risktheory.narod.ru/papers/sumOfDep.pdf
Take X and Z to be independent N(0,1) random variables. Define Y as follows:
Y = |Z| if X >= 0
Y = -|Z| if X < 0
Then Y is a N(0,1) random variable but X + Y is not normal.
(Edit: Oops, sorry for the repost, just realized that this is essentially the same example as above) |
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n***p
发帖数: 7668 | 32 We can write S as the zero level set of a function h, i.e.,
assume S = {y: h(y) = 0}.
Then the normal n(y) at y\in S is the gradient of h, that is
n(y) = \nabla h (y). Assume |\nabla h(y)|=1.
Then S' = {x: y=f(x)\in S} = {x: h(f(x)) = 0}.
So S' is the zero level set of h(f(x)).
The normal n'(x) at x\in S' is the gradient of
h(f(x)). So
n'_i = \sum_j h_j(f(x)) \frac{d f_j}{d x_i}.
Here I use h_j to indicate the partial derivative of h in y_j.
Let J = \frac{d f_i}{d x_j} (x) be the Jacobia... 阅读全帖 |
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m******t
发帖数: 273 | 33 【 以下文字转载自 Statistics 讨论区 】
发信人: myregmit (myregmit), 信区: Statistics
标 题: how to normalize axis in python
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Mar 14 16:23:49 2014, 美东)
I am working in python 3.2 and matplotlib.
I need to plot y and x.
The numbers of x-axis are between 0 and 1000000.
In my plot, the numbers of x-axis are long and overlap each other.
I want to re-scale and normalize them between 0 and 10 and also show the
unit (such as 10^6) around the x-axis only once.
Eexample,
0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 10 (10x6... 阅读全帖 |
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a**********2
发帖数: 3726 | 34 Only common ones, like:
WBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, RDW, PLT
Na, K, Cl, HCO3, BUN, Cr, Mg, PO4, Ca
AST, ALT, ALK PHOS, lbumin, T-bili, D-bili
Lactid acid
PT, INR, PTT
TSH
PaO2, PaCO2, PH in ABG
Normal anion gap
A-a gradient
PCWP normal value |
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S****h
发帖数: 558 | 35 Let us say X~N(0,a), Y~N(0,b), and correlation of them is \rho. Is the
joint-distribution of (X,Y) joint normal? I
feels that it is not true, but cannot come up with a quick example. Can
anyone give me one? Thanks. |
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J******d
发帖数: 506 | 36 随便找个X~N(0,1), 令Y = X, if |X| < 1; Y = -X, if |X| >=1. 比较容易证明Y也是
N(0,1)的。但显然X和Y不是joint normal.
令外，注意到X和Y的correlation可以很容易的写出来，而且改改上面Y的构造很容易可以让这个数在
(-1,1)之间变动。 |
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S****h
发帖数: 558 | 37 shede,
but they are not necessarily joint-normal, are they? |
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J******d
发帖数: 506 | 38 正解。
BTW, Shiloh, 你要是追求从最严格的数学意义上想这道题的话，题目没说X和Y是joint normal
的，没错。但是题目也没有任何条件保证X和Y可以往一块儿加，也没有条件保证那些conditional
expectation都make sense. 这只是一道面试题而已，面试官大概没受过ZFC公理系统的严格训
练;). |
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i**w
发帖数: 71 | 39 不少时候quote price会用normal vol.
而且model interest rate的时候，会用到normal model的变种。
lognormal model也不能说valid...哪个model fit的比较好就用哪个呗 |
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m*********g
发帖数: 646 | 40 这没办法答阿，要看具体的东西。问个NORMAL只看你有没有这种思路。别纠缠在这上面
，抓重点。你纠缠这个一定说NORMAL不VALID别人谁愿意跟你共事？抓不住问题的重点
跟不SMART是一样的。 |
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A*****s
发帖数: 13748 | 41 肯定不是
别这么严谨，不然这本书能把你搞跳楼的
就当在同一个RN measure下假设一个lognormal一个normal
normal那个是不是discount martingale就别管了
但是这样做出来的price基本扯淡 |
|
i**w
发帖数: 71 | 42 不少时候quote price会用normal vol.
而且model interest rate的时候，会用到normal model的变种。
lognormal model也不能说valid...哪个model fit的比较好就用哪个呗 |
|
m*********g
发帖数: 646 | 43 这没办法答阿，要看具体的东西。问个NORMAL只看你有没有这种思路。别纠缠在这上面
，抓重点。你纠缠这个一定说NORMAL不VALID别人谁愿意跟你共事？抓不住问题的重点
跟不SMART是一样的。 |
|
A*****s
发帖数: 13748 | 44 肯定不是
别这么严谨，不然这本书能把你搞跳楼的
就当在同一个RN measure下假设一个lognormal一个normal
normal那个是不是discount martingale就别管了
但是这样做出来的price基本扯淡 |
|
m******t
发帖数: 273 | 45 【 以下文字转载自 Statistics 讨论区 】
发信人: myregmit (myregmit), 信区: Statistics
标 题: how to normalize axis in python
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Mar 14 16:23:49 2014, 美东)
I am working in python 3.2 and matplotlib.
I need to plot y and x.
The numbers of x-axis are between 0 and 1000000.
In my plot, the numbers of x-axis are long and overlap each other.
I want to re-scale and normalize them between 0 and 10 and also show the
unit (such as 10^6) around the x-axis only once.
Eexample,
0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 10 (10x6... 阅读全帖 |
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J**Y
发帖数: 34 | 46 A random variable with log-normal distribution means that the log
transformation of this variable is normal. |
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p******s
发帖数: 62 | 47 【 以下文字转载自 EE 讨论区 】
发信人: Pentakis (Elegance belong to predators), 信区: EE
标 题: Normal laser light pump
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Feb 22 06:58:11 2007)
Can anybody answer me a very naive question, what is the intensity of normal
semiconductor laser light pump? So far,for the lowest threshold laser, can
it be pumped by sun light? |
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p********a
发帖数: 5352 | 48 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
activeman (heart) 于 (Tue Dec 26 13:05:29 2006) 提到:
给一个变量，有n个observations，如何检验其normality?请说说统计方法和SAS程序。
如果不知道这些observations是否independent，又应该怎么做？
谢谢
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
sotough (BigHorse) 于 (Tue Dec 26 15:06:04 2006) 提到:
This is from sas online documents:
Base SAS software provides several tests for normality in the UNIVARIATE
procedure. Depending on your sample size, PROC UNIVARIATE performs the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk |
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p********a
发帖数: 5352 | 49 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
flourishwing (峥嵘之翼) 于 (Tue Dec 25 23:58:25 2007) 提到:
如果两个R.V.是independent，那么结果肯定是normal。如果dependent的话感觉不是，
但翻遍手头的所有书都没找到参考。麻烦知道的顺便告知参考文献。
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
Brandon (大奔◎Dream as Big as the Sky) 于 (Wed Dec 26 00:10:12 2007) 提到:
可以自己推导吧，孩子。
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
flourishwing (峥嵘之翼) 于 (Wed Dec 26 00:32:18 2007) 提到:
r u kidding?
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
Brandon (大奔◎Dream as Big as the Sky |
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o******y
发帖数: 8 | 50 x~b(n,p), 那么y=x1+...+xn是normal 而且miu=np, var=np(1-p)
如果x1~b(n1,p1),x2~b(n2,p2),xm~b(nm,pm)
那么Y=x1+x2..+xm也就是binomial mix 应该也是normal吧？miu和var怎么算呢？
miu=n1p1+n2p2..+nmpm? var=n1p1(1-p1)+n2p2(1-p2)+...+nmpm(1-pm)?
请高手指点！ |
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