C*******e
发帖数: 4348 | 1 http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v31/n9/full/nbt.2700.html?WT.
真正想了解而不是想吵架的同学可以看看
还可以给身边对这个有疑问的朋友看看
也提到了去年法国的那个老鼠实验
还有黄金大米
Contrary to popular belief
Nature Biotechnology 31, 767 (2013) doi:10.1038/nbt.2700
Published online 10 September 2013
Three decades after transgenes were first introduced into plants, why do so
many consumers remain so negative about genetically modified (GM) food?
GM food has an uncanny ability to spook consumers. It does not matter that
many of us have been consuming GM cornflakes, sweet corn, starches and
sugars in processed food for over a decade. It does not matter that no
adverse health effects have been recorded from eating them. Nor does it
matter that august agencies, such as the World Health Organization, the US
National Academy of Sciences, the European Commission or the American
Medical Association, have come out with ringing endorsements of their safety
. The fact is, negative attitudes remain entrenched and widespread. And
changing them will require a concerted and long-term effort to develop GM
foods that clearly provide convincing benefits to consumers—something that
seed companies have conspicuously failed to do over the past decade.
On p. 794, our Feature asks why the same circuitous debates and concerns
keep circulating regarding the health risks of GM food. This time last year,
a peer-reviewed paper by French scientists, claiming that glyphosate-
resistant corn causes tumors in Sprague Dawley rats (Food Chem. Toxicol. 50,
4221–4231, 2012), sparked a media circus about the cancer risks of eating
GM corn. This methodologically and statistically flawed study—the claims of
which have since been debunked—grabbed headlines around the world and
provided shocking images of animals overgrown with tumors.
The report and others like it making extraordinary claims about health risks
represent a tiny minority of all the peer-reviewed studies on GM food. But
each time one is published, anti-GM activists seize upon it, no matter how
flimsy the evidence or flawed the study design. And all too often, an
uncritical and sensationalist media leaps upon negative findings, continuing
the cycle of scares, urban myths and downright mistruths about GM food, all
of which serve to stoke consumer paranoia. How can there be smoke without
fire?
After decades of controversy, the public now mistrusts most mainstream
sources of data on GM food—large corporations, regulators, governments and
even scientists. In contrast, nongovernmental organizations,
environmentalists and advocacy groups (that often oppose GM food) are
treated with credulity. They are, after all, more aligned with 'consumer
interests'.
Consumers are concerned about the close (some might say cushy) relationships
between regulators and companies. They are concerned about food safety data
being difficult to obtain from regulatory agencies. The revolving door
between agribusiness and regulatory agencies and the amounts spent on
political lobbying also raise red flags. Even academics have fallen in the
public's esteem, especially if there's a whiff of a company association or
industry funding for research.
Of course, the public's misgivings about GM food go beyond just the risk to
health. Corporate control of the food supply, disenfranchisement of
smallholder farmers, the potential adverse effects of GM varieties on
indigenous flora and fauna, and the 'contamination' of crops grown on non-GM
or organic farms all play into negative perceptions. And for better or
worse, GM food is now inextricably linked in the public consciousness with
Monsanto, which has seemingly vied with big tobacco as the poster child for
corporate greed and evil.
A more fundamental problem is that the public debate has been framed in the
wrong terms all along. For consumers, the question revolves around GM food
or non-GM/organic food. But in terms of risk, how a food crop is created is
totally irrelevant—it is what is in the food that is important.
This has not stopped European regulators from deepening existing prejudices
against these products by creating a regulatory system that singles out GM
products as sufficiently threatening to merit special attention. Even
Monsanto and the biotech industry unwittingly have enhanced the false GM/non
-GM dichotomy by parroting the agronomic benefits of any products under the
GM umbrella. This has led to a debate framed by oversimplified pro-GM or
anti-GM stances. Instead, the discussion should be about pros and cons of
individual products: Bt corn or EPSPS soybeans and so on.
In the decades to come, children born into a world where GM food is more
commonplace may come to see it as less alien and threatening. In the
meantime, a key aim in overcoming negative perceptions about GM products
should be to focus on crops addressing consumer needs as well as producer
needs, which cannot be produced via other means.
In the Philippines, beta carotene–enriched Golden Rice is currently being
prepared for regulatory submission. Golden Rice can provide a useful adjunct
to diets in areas like the Philippines, where lack of vitamin A frequently
causes blindness, simply because alternative vitamin A supplements are a
never-ending expense for families. In contrast, the benefits of Bt brinjal
for Filipino consumers are equivocal (p. 777).
In the 1990s, pioneering efforts led to the creation of two disease-
resistant varieties of GM papaya in Hawaii, where the non-GM crop was almost
wiped out by ringspot virus. Today, these comprise ~80% of the harvest. If
genetic modification had not been available, papaya fruit would likely have
disappeared from Hawaii, and consumers would have been affected.
A recent story in The New York Times (July 27, 2013) outlined a similar
scenario unfolding in the orange groves of Florida, where the harvest is
being threatened by citrus greening disease. Genetic modification is
currently the only feasible route to create resistance. Until recently,
growers had rejected GM oranges for fear of a consumer backlash. But
reluctance has dwindled as they have been confronted with the possibility of
having no oranges left to grow. Presumably, if OJ becomes a rarer and more
expensive commodity in supermarkets, consumer attitudes to GM oranges may
change, too.
Public perception of GM food will not become more positive overnight. But as
more products meet unmet needs, small victories may be won. In the end,
necessity may turn out to be the mother of acceptance. | M*P
发帖数: 6456 | 2 这也什么都没说出来。
转基因其实就是给种子公司省开发周期的。
★ 发自iPhone App: ChineseWeb 7.8
【在 C*******e 的大作中提到】
: http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v31/n9/full/nbt.2700.html?WT.
: 真正想了解而不是想吵架的同学可以看看
: 还可以给身边对这个有疑问的朋友看看
: 也提到了去年法国的那个老鼠实验
: 还有黄金大米
: Contrary to popular belief
: Nature Biotechnology 31, 767 (2013) doi:10.1038/nbt.2700
: Published online 10 September 2013
: Three decades after transgenes were first introduced into plants, why do so
: many consumers remain so negative about genetically modified (GM) food?
| y***u
发帖数: 7039 | 3 转基因主粮和装饰面包的玉米碎屑， 或者水果等不可同等对待。 | y***u
发帖数: 7039 | 4 Nature要为孟山都背书啊？
孟家的实验只作了三个月， 而肿瘤是在四个月后才出现。。。
New research out of France has linked both an herbicide and a genetically
modified corn to organ damage, tumors and early death among rats, prompting
a call for greater regulation of GM foods among sustainable agriculture
advocates.
The study – published Wednesday in Food and Chemical Toxicology – found
that rats who were exposed to Roundup, a weed killing herbicide, and rats
who were fed Roundup-resistant corn developed mammary tumors, kidney and
liver damage and died earlier than those in the control group.
According to the authors, this is the first study to examine the long-term
effects of genetically modified Roundup Ready corn, or NK603, which is
produced by biotech corporation Monsanto and has been approved for use in
both the European Union and the United States.
Previous studies have examined the effects of NK603 on animals over the
course of 90 days, while this study looked at a two-year period.
“There were no adverse effects in a 90-day feeding study on rats with NK603
maize grain…” says the EFSA GMO Panel in its scientific opinion on the
corn. “The EFSA GMO Panel is of the opinion that maize NK603 is as safe as
conventional maize. Maize NK603 and derived products are unlikely to have
any adverse effect on human and animal health in the context of the intended
uses.”
The French study, however, found a series of adverse health effects in rats
fed with the corn.
In this study, conducted on 100 female and 100 male rats, the animals were
given either Roundup-resistant corn, the Roundup herbicide or both. Animals
in all three of these test groups experienced adverse health effects and
died earlier than rats in the control group, who were given regular corn and
plain water.
“The results were really alarming,” said Professor Gilles-Eric Seralini,
co-director of the Risk Quality and Sustainable Environment Unit at the
University of Caen, France and the study’s lead researcher. Mammary tumors
began to appear in females after 4 months, he said, and “after one year
there was a high increase of a number of (kinds of) tumors. Almost every
female rat had two or three tumors,” said Seralini in a Wednesday press
conference.
Up to 50 percent of males and 70 percent of females fed with GM corn died
before their deaths could be attributed to normal aging, compared with 30
percent of males and 20 of females in the control group who died prematurely.
Tumors grew more frequently and rapidly among most test groups than among
the control group. After 23 months, 50 to 80 percent of the treated female
rats (percent depending on group) had developed tumors, while 30 percent of
female control rats had tumors. The group treated with Roundup showed the
greatest incidence of tumors. Of the females in this group, 80 percent
developed at least one and up to three tumors.
Treated males developed tumors largely in their kidneys and skin, and were
two times more likely to have a tumor during the 23rd month than control
males. Treated males also suffered liver damage at greater rates.
“The results of the study presented here clearly demonstrate that lower
levels of complete agricultural glyphosate herbicide formulations (such as
Roundup), at concentrations well below officially set safety limits, induce
severe hormone-dependent mammary, hepatic (liver) and kidney disturbances,”
write the authors.
Test rats were given varying doses of Roundup in their water and NK603 corn
in their feed. The lowest doses administered in the study were lower than
levels allowed in both the EU and U.S., according to the study.
The lowest treatment level of Roundup alone was at the “usual contaminating
level of tap water,” explained Seralini.
Test animals experienced severe adverse health effects even at these lowest
levels. The authors say this result suggests that both products cause a
hormonal imbalance.
“Our data show that, as is often the case for hormonal diseases, most
observed effects in this study were not proportional to the dose of the
treatment.”
“This implies that both the NK603 maize and R(oundup) may cause hormonal
disturbances in the same biochemical and physiological pathway,” concludes
the study.
The fact that groups treated with GM corn alone reacted similarly to those
treated with the only the herbicide was surprising, says Seralini.
“We were really interested by the results of the GMO alone that was not
treated with Roundup,” said Seralini. “The groups with the GMO
surprisingly also had hormonal disruptions and there were also mammary
tumors.”
After a detailed analysis of the chemical composition of the animals’ diets
, researchers found that two compounds in plants that protect animals
against mammary tumors and toxicity of the kidney and liver were reduced to
51 percent with the consumption of the GM corn. They concluded that an
enzyme that is over-expressed in 80 percent of GMOs was causing this effect,
explains Seralini.
An estimated 70 percent of corn grown in the U.S. is Roundup Ready.
According to Monsanto’s safety assessment, NK603 is corn into which DNA is
inserted to make the plant resistant to the harmful effects of Roundup.
Prior studies have shown that the CP4 EPSPS proteins expressed in Roundup
Ready corn do not produce toxicity in mice, nor are they similar to known
allergens or toxins, and they are rapidly digested in vitro.
Tom Sanders, head of the nutritional sciences research division at King’s
College London, expressed concern over the methods used in the French study.
“This strain of rat is very prone to mammary tumors particularly when food
intake is not restricted,” said Tom Sanders, head of the nutritional
sciences research division at King’s College London according to Reuters
wire service. “The statistical methods are unconventional … and it would
appear the authors have gone on a statistical fishing trip.”
Call to Action
The authors of the study, along with the Sustainable Food Trust – a
nonprofit global group that promotes sustainable agriculture – say these
results highlight a need to further supervise the approval and sale of
genetically modified foods worldwide. The NGO stated the following in a
press release Wednesday:
In light of these findings the Sustainable Food Trust sees the call to
action as:
- A pre-cautionary review of the regulatory framework for testing Pesticides
and GM foods
- The requirement for foods containing GM ingredients or their derivatives,
or from animals fed on a GM diet, to be clearly labeled
- Further independent research exploring the potential human health effects
of consuming these products.
The fact that GMO foods are not labeled in the U.S. is “in my opinion a
very severe problem,” said Seralini during the Wednesday press conference.
Consumers should have the freedom to know what is in their foods, he says.
“In Europe we have this labeling and it enables us to avoid these compounds
if necessary,” he said.
This study comes just before California is set to vote on whether or not to
mandate labels for GMOs, which will be on the ballot as Proposition 37 this
fall.
“The results of this study are worrying,” said Proposition 37 California
Right to Know Campaign Manager Gary Ruskin in a statement Wednesday. “They
underscore the importance of giving California families the right to know
whether our food is genetically engineered, and to decide for ourselves
whether we want to gamble with our health by eating GMO foods that have not
been adequately studied and have not been proven safe.”
Seralini says the results of his research also point to the need to test the
effects of GMOs for two years – the average lifespan of a rat – rather
than for 90 days, since the tumors found in this study appeared after four
months had passed.
He also recommends that the U.S. government rely less on company tests when
making regulatory decisions about the company’s products.
The study was supported by the independent research organization, CRIIGEN
and was published in the Food and Chemical Toxicology. It is available on
the Sustainable Food Trust’s website. | l******a
发帖数: 3339 | 5 扯jb蛋，说什么都信是吧，找到原文读了吗？没link是吧，为啥？啥老鼠肿瘤出现率那
么高？为啥control group才20只老鼠？原文还说了
In fact, some of the test group, those that ate the GM foods were healthier
than the controls. 怎么你那个call for action没提
亏你还是学生物的。
我都不想说啥了。
prompting
【在 y***u 的大作中提到】
: Nature要为孟山都背书啊？
: 孟家的实验只作了三个月， 而肿瘤是在四个月后才出现。。。
: New research out of France has linked both an herbicide and a genetically
: modified corn to organ damage, tumors and early death among rats, prompting
: a call for greater regulation of GM foods among sustainable agriculture
: advocates.
: The study – published Wednesday in Food and Chemical Toxicology – found
: that rats who were exposed to Roundup, a weed killing herbicide, and rats
: who were fed Roundup-resistant corn developed mammary tumors, kidney and
: liver damage and died earlier than those in the control group.
| l**d
发帖数: 472 | 6 这和相信在电线杆上贴小广告的老军医，不相信协和医院的资深医生有得一比。
healthier
【在 l******a 的大作中提到】
: 扯jb蛋，说什么都信是吧，找到原文读了吗？没link是吧，为啥？啥老鼠肿瘤出现率那
: 么高？为啥control group才20只老鼠？原文还说了
: In fact, some of the test group, those that ate the GM foods were healthier
: than the controls. 怎么你那个call for action没提
: 亏你还是学生物的。
: 我都不想说啥了。
:
: prompting
| l******a
发帖数: 3339 | 7 网上读个东西就信，要不网络写手这么火呢
【在 l**d 的大作中提到】
: 这和相信在电线杆上贴小广告的老军医，不相信协和医院的资深医生有得一比。
:
: healthier
| a*********n
发帖数: 2526 | 8 反转是萎缩男的责任，科普工作没做好，至今也没有一个通俗易懂的片子系统的解释转
基因的来龙去脉 过去未来。 这NB的文章中国人90％的人不感兴趣，或看不懂。远远没
有几个肿瘤的小白鼠哗众取宠。
so
【在 C*******e 的大作中提到】
: http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v31/n9/full/nbt.2700.html?WT.
: 真正想了解而不是想吵架的同学可以看看
: 还可以给身边对这个有疑问的朋友看看
: 也提到了去年法国的那个老鼠实验
: 还有黄金大米
: Contrary to popular belief
: Nature Biotechnology 31, 767 (2013) doi:10.1038/nbt.2700
: Published online 10 September 2013
: Three decades after transgenes were first introduced into plants, why do so
: many consumers remain so negative about genetically modified (GM) food?
| h****n
发帖数: 2552 | 9 小破熊，去军版舔菊才是你的正道。不要在这假装生物猥琐男
prompting
【在 y***u 的大作中提到】
: Nature要为孟山都背书啊？
: 孟家的实验只作了三个月， 而肿瘤是在四个月后才出现。。。
: New research out of France has linked both an herbicide and a genetically
: modified corn to organ damage, tumors and early death among rats, prompting
: a call for greater regulation of GM foods among sustainable agriculture
: advocates.
: The study – published Wednesday in Food and Chemical Toxicology – found
: that rats who were exposed to Roundup, a weed killing herbicide, and rats
: who were fed Roundup-resistant corn developed mammary tumors, kidney and
: liver damage and died earlier than those in the control group.
|
|
