a*****g
发帖数: 19398 | 1 WSJ 2011年6月11日 ：中国到底在下什么棋？
原文：What Kind of Game Is China Playing?
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405270230425930457637401
Forget chess. To understand geopolitics in Taiwan or the Indian Ocean, U.S.
strategists are learning from Go
A 2,000-year-old board game holds the key to understanding how the Chinese
really think—and U.S. officials had better learn to play if they want to
win the real competition.
That's the pitch that David Lai, a professor at the Army War College, has
been making in recent months to senior military officials in the U.S. and
overseas. Learning the ancient board game of wei qi, known in the U.S. as Go
, can teach non-Chinese how to see the geostrategic "board" the same way
that Chinese leaders do, he says.
The game, already well known in the days of Confucius and still wildly
popular in Asia, is starkly different from chess, the classic Western game
of strategy. The object of Go is to place stones on the open board,
balancing the need to expand with the need to build protected clusters.
Go features multiple battles over a wide front, rather than a single
decisive encounter. It emphasizes long-term planning over quick tactical
advantage, and games can take hours. In Chinese, its name, wei qi (roughly
pronounced "way-chee"), means the "encirclement game."
"Go is the perfect reflection of Chinese strategic thinking and their
operational art," says Mr. Lai, who grew up watching his father—who was
jobless during the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution—constantly play the
game. A self-described midlevel Go player, Mr. Lai came to the U.S. about 30
years ago.
Mr. Lai's best-known work about the nexus between Go and Chinese
geopolitical strategy is a 2004 paper called "Learning From the Stones," a
reference to the 361 black and white stone pieces that eventually fill the
19-by-19 Go board. He described China's long-term and indirect approach to
acquiring influence. He also zeroed in on concrete geopolitical challenges
such as Taiwan, which he described, in terms of Go, as a single isolated
stone next to a huge mass of opposing pieces.
As Chinese leaders see it, he suggested, Taiwan was a vulnerable piece that
the U.S. should want to trade away for a better position elsewhere on the
board. The U.S., by contrast, sees Taiwan not as a bargaining chip but as a
democratic ally that it has supported diplomatically and militarily for more
than 60 years.
Mr. Lai's paper caught the attention not only of his then-bosses at the Air
Force's Air University in Alabama but of former Secretary of State Henry
Kissinger, who quickly became a convert to his way of thinking.
Throughout his new book, "On China," Mr. Kissinger uses wei qi to explain
how Chinese leaders such as Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping managed crises
during the Korean War, disputes over Taiwan, the Vietnam War, conflicts
throughout Southeast Asia and with the Soviet Union, and the normalization
of relations with the U.S.
In the first days of the Korean conflict, for example, President Harry
Truman sent U.S. troops to South Korea and the U.S. Navy to the Taiwan
strait. He had, "in Chinese eyes," Mr. Kissinger writes, "placed two stones
on the wei qi board, both of which menaced China with the dreaded
encirclement." Thus, despite being war-weary and impoverished, China felt
the need to confront the U.S. directly.
The game can also be used to interpret recent Chinese behavior. Consider
China's participation in antipiracy efforts in the Indian Ocean—the first
time that China has undertaken blue-water naval operations in support of an
international coalition. The West tends to see such cooperation as
responsible behavior on China's part.
But a strategy paper published last December by the Central Committee of the
Chinese Communist Party offers a different view: that antipiracy operations
can help China to subtly gain a foothold in a vital region. "China can make
use of this situation to expand its military presence in Africa," the paper
said.
One of Mr. Lai's first fans was Air Force Gen. Steve Lorenz, formerly the
head of Air University, where Mr. Lai then taught. Gen. Lorenz heard one of
his lectures in late 2005 and summoned him for a full briefing about the
insights that Go could offer.
"It really intrigued me," recalls Gen. Lorenz, now retired. "He made a whole
generation of airmen think about the world in a different way."
In recent months, Mr. Lai has briefed officers at Pacific Command, the U.S.
Air Force Global Strike Command, the Center for Army Analysis and the
Australian Defence College.
U.S. defense officials regularly receive strategy briefings from outside
experts, and the U.S. military regularly taps ancient classics such as Sun
Tzu's "The Art of War" and Xenophon's "The March of the Ten Thousand" to
help educate modern officers.
One officer at the U.S. Air Force Global Strike Command, where Mr. Lai gave
a presentation at a commander's conference in March to about three dozen
officers, said "the game analogy really sparked fascination" and was useful
for Air Force officers who might have to consider China a potential
adversary one day. He conceded, though, that the briefing's heavy academic
content left "plenty of heads hurting."
"You've got to think like the other guy thinks," said the officer, who spoke
on the condition of anonymity.
Mr. Lai's theories are not universally embraced by China experts. For
starters, some say, comparing national strategic thought to popular sports
and games is an over-simplification—and at any rate, the Chinese version of
chess has lots of adherents in China, too.
Furthermore, despite the ancient roots of Chinese military thinkers such as
Sun Tzu, it's far from clear that Chinese leaders over the millennia,
especially Communist Chinese leaders, have followed a single, broad strategy
at all, let alone the one sketched by the board game.
"Go is a very useful device for analyzing Chinese strategy, but let's not
overdo it," says James Holmes, an expert on Chinese strategy and professor
at the Naval War College.
Though he agrees that Go helps to describe the strategic showdown between
China and the U.S. in East Asia, he says that "we have to be extremely
cautious about drawing a straight line from theory to the actions of real
people in the real world."
He notes that China's "amateurish" diplomatic blunders in recent years,
including bullying neighbors and trying to push other navies out of
international waters, represent a departure from the patient, subtle tenets
of Go.
Write to Keith Johnson at k***********[email protected] | S*****y
发帖数: 2871 | | j*****7
发帖数: 4348 | 3 斗兽棋 - 很有技术含量的一种头脑游戏
【在 S*****y 的大作中提到】
: Hu core会下什么棋？
| a*****g
发帖数: 19398 | 4 似乎还没看到任何资料说胡同学会下围棋
【在 S*****y 的大作中提到】
: Hu core会下什么棋？
| a**e
发帖数: 5794 | 5 巴马送他棋盘了啊。
【在 a*****g 的大作中提到】
: 似乎还没看到任何资料说胡同学会下围棋
| S*****y
发帖数: 2871 | 6 但是他有一副棋盘。我还只有木板的。
【在 a*****g 的大作中提到】
: 似乎还没看到任何资料说胡同学会下围棋
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