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发帖数: 22064 | 1 http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140401/c01military/
Leader of China Aims at Military With Graft Case
By JONATHAN ANSFIELD April 01, 2014安思乔
2014年04月01日
Prosecutors accused a former senior military official on Monday of a litany
of crimes, including bribery, embezzlement and abuse of power, presenting a
first glimpse of what could be the biggest corruption scandal to ever engulf
the Chinese armed forces.
周一，中国检方指控一名前军队高官犯有包括受贿、挪用公款、滥用职权在内的一连串
罪行，首次向人们揭开了这桩严重程度可能是中国军队有史以来最大的腐败丑闻。
The charges against the officer, Lt. Gen. Gu Junshan, are the outcome of a
far-reaching inquiry under President Xi Jinping that signaled his
determination to make high-profile examples out of dishonest military
figures. His goal, military analysts said, is to transform a service larded
with pet projects and patronage networks into a leaner fighting force more
adept at projecting power abroad and buttressing party rule at home, while
strengthening his own authority over the army.
谷俊山中将遭到指控源于中国国家主席习近平发起的一项广泛调查，此项调查显示了他
高调惩罚不法将领、以儆效尤的决心。军事分析人士表示，他的目标是把一个夹杂着私
人项目和靠山关系网的机构改造成一支更善于在国外运用力量、在国内支持共产党统治
的精简的战斗队伍，同时加强他个人对军队的控制。
The announcement of the case against General Gu, made by Xinhua, the
official news agency, came two years after he was quietly dismissed as
deputy chief of the General Logistics Department, and provided no details.
But an internal inquiry has accused him of presiding over a vast land
development racket that hoarded kickbacks, bought promotions, and enabled
him and his family to amass dozens of expensive residences, including places
where investigators found stockpiles of high-end liquor, gold bullion and
cash, according to people briefed on the investigation.
两年前，谷俊山被秘密解除总后勤部副部长一职，而官方新闻机构新华社现在才公布有
关谷俊山案件的消息，而且没有提供细节。不过，据了解调查情况的人士透露，内部调
查的结论是他从自己掌控的大型土地开发交易当中获取回扣，并且花钱买官，为他和他
的家人积累了几十所价格不菲的住宅，调查人员在其中一些住宅中发现了大量的高档酒
、金条和现金。
The investigation into General Gu, who had a commanding authority over how
resources in the army were used, has shaken the military because of the
scale of his activities — estimates of his assets range from several
hundred million to a few billion dollars — and because it threatens some of
its most senior figures.
谷俊山掌控军队物资的使用，针对他的调查震撼了整个军队，因为他的犯罪活动规模庞
大——对他资产的估计从数亿美元至几十亿美元不等——也因为调查对军队的一些最高
领导人形成了威胁。
Even as Mr. Xi has pressed a sweeping campaign against graft in the
Communist Party, he has seized on the case against General Gu to pursue a
parallel drive to clean up the 2.3 million-member armed forces. In doing so,
he is challenging military elders who promoted General Gu and have sought
to protect him and themselves from the investigation, the people with
knowledge of the inquiry said.
习近平强力推行了打击共产党内部腐败的大规模运动，同时通过谷俊山案件开展类似行
动，对拥有230万成员的武装部队进行整肃。了解调查情况的人士表示，他通过此举发
出了挑战，目标则是那些提拔了谷俊山并试图保护谷俊山和自己免遭调查的军界元老。
In internal speeches, Mr. Xi has railed against a wider “Gu Junshan
phenomenon” of military corruption, demanded action to “dredge the soil
that produced Gu Junshan,” and threatened to bring down both “large and
small Gu Junshans,” said a retired official and associate of Mr. Xi’s,
suggesting that unprecedented punishments of other, higher-ranking military
figures in the People’s Liberation Army, the world’s largest, could lie
ahead. The campaign presents Mr. Xi with a cudgel to tighten control over an
institution that some say has drifted from the party leadership’s orbit
even as it remains a bulwark of one-party rule.
一名曾与习近平共事的退休官员表示，习近平曾在内部讲话当中批评军队的腐败问题，
指责军队中存在范围更大的“谷俊山现象”，要求采取行动“深挖产生谷俊山的土壤”
，并威胁要把“大大小小的谷俊山”拉下马，暗示他可能还会对全世界规模最大的军队
——中国人民解放军——当中的其他高层领导施加前所未有的惩罚。这场运动为习近平
提供了一根大棒，有助于加强他对军队的控制。有些人称，中国军队已经偏离了共产党
领导层的轨道，即便它仍然是一党执政的保障。
General Gu has already provided investigators with enough information to
target powerful patrons, principally Xu Caihou, the army’s second-ranking
general and a Politburo member before retiring in 2012, people with
knowledge of the inquiry said. These people, who include retired military
officers, foreign diplomats and children of former senior leaders, spoke on
the condition of anonymity for fear of retaliation.
一些知情人士表示，谷俊山已经向调查人员提供了足以指控他那些强大靠山的信息，他
的主要靠山是2012年退休的前军队二号人物、政治局委员徐才厚。这些知情人士包括退
休军官、外国外交官以及前高层领导人的子女。因为担心遭到报复，他们均要求匿名。
Several said investigators had restricted the movements of General Xu, who
has been hospitalized with bladder cancer. If Mr. Xi were to move formally
against General Xu, he would enter uncharted territory. No military leader
of General Xu’s stature has ever been toppled for corruption.
其中几人表示，调查人员已经限制了徐才厚上将的行动自由。徐才厚患有膀胱癌，正在
住院治疗。如果要对徐才厚采取正式行动，习近平将会踏入一片未知领域。在此之前，
没有像徐这样级别的军队高层因为腐败问题下台。
Mr. Xi, unlike his immediate predecessors, took over the military and the
party at the same time — in November 2012 — and brought strong military
ties. After university, he served as an aide to a top military official. His
father was a revolutionary guerrilla commander. His wife was a star in the
P.L.A.’s song-and-dance troupe. Gen. Liu Yuan, the political commissar of
the logistics department who is credited with helping to initiate the
anticorruption drive, is among his oldest comrades.
与前任不同，习近平于2012年11月同时接管了军队和党的工作，并有强大的军界关系。
读完大学后，习近平曾为一名军队高官担任助手。习近平的父亲曾是一名革命游击队指
挥官，妻子则曾是解放军歌舞团的一名明星歌手。习近平交情最长的同道之一是解放军
总后勤部政委刘源，据信，刘源也参与发起了反腐运动。
While his predecessors struggled to manage the military, Mr. Xi regards it
as a bastion of support and has embraced its vision of China as a more
robust power, diplomats and analysts said.
外交官及分析人士表示，习近平的各位前任都曾为军队管理问题焦头烂额，习近平则认
为军队是为他提供支持的堡垒，并且认同军方的观点，视中国为一个更加强大的国家。
In an internal speech soon after taking office, he made a point of placing
blame for the collapse of the Soviet Union in part on Mikhail S. Gorbachev’
s losing control of the military. “His implication was: ‘I’m going to
take charge of the military for real. I’m not going to be like the last two
administrations, putting up with you as you bumble around,’ ” said the
associate of Mr. Xi.
在执政后不久的一次内部演讲中，习近平特意指出，苏联解体的部分原因是米哈伊尔·
S·戈尔巴乔夫(Mikhail S. Gorbachev)失去了对军队的控制。前述曾与习近平共事的
人士称，“他的含义就是：‘我要真管军队了。我不可会像前两届那样，任你们去折腾
。’”
Early on, he and others said, Mr. Xi established a routine of working at
the Central Military Commission headquarters at least half a day each week,
significantly more often than previous party chiefs.
前不久，前述人士和其他一些人士表示，习近平定期去中央军事委员会办公厅开展工作
，每周至少半天，时间远多于之前的共产党领导人。
He has ordered a stream of antigraft measures, audits and criticism
sessions; has enlarged drills to upgrade “battle readiness”; and is
pushing forward contentious plans to restructure a military bureaucracy
criticized as bloated and outmoded.
习近平已经下令开展一系列反腐行动、审计工作和批评会议，加大了升级“战备”的训
练力度，并且正在推动重整军队官僚机构的争议性计划。外界批评军队官僚机构人员冗
多，陈旧落伍。
“Xi Jinping is highly aware of the deepening complexities in China’s
neighborhood, so the P.L.A. has never been more in demand,” said Zhu Feng,
an international security expert at Peking University. “The P.L.A. spends a
lot of money, but the question is, how are they following up on all the
spending?”
“习近平非常清楚中国周边地区日益复杂的局势，对解放军的依赖也达到了空前的程度
，”北京大学的国际安全专家朱锋说。“解放军花费了大量资金，问题是，他们该如何
监察所有开支？”
Corruption has bedeviled the military since the market overhauls of the
1980s, when it was permitted to venture into industry and earn the funds to
modernize its arsenal and sustain its troops. Widespread smuggling, graft
and profiteering ensued. It took years of debate for the party in 1998 to
order the military to divest from business. But as Beijing increased
military spending, officers tapped these resources for profit.
自20世纪80年代的大规模市场改革以来，军队一直存在严重的腐败问题。当时国家允许
军队搞实业，以便赚取武器现代化和供养军队所需的资金。随后便出现了普遍的走私、
贪污和牟取暴利行为。经过多年的争论，共产党在1998年命令军方与商业分离。但是，
随着中国政府增加军费开支，官员又开始利用这些资源来谋取私利。
The army retains extensive land holdings, which have ballooned in value in
line with property prices across the country, and real estate transactions
are considered its biggest source of corruption. One former military officer
said generals sometimes evaded regulations limiting the size of their
residences by building ceilings twice the standard height. “That way they
can add a floor later,” he said.
军方占有大量土地，其价格与全国各地的房地产价格一同飙升。人们认为，房地产交易
是军队最大的贪污源头。一名前军官称，为了规避国家对住宅面积的限制，将领们有时
会把住宅的天花板修成标准高度的两倍。他说，“这一来，以后他们就可以加盖一层。”
Bribery for promotions is believed to be more institutionalized than within
the party. Insiders say an endorsement for a general’s slot can carry a
price of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Procurement is plagued by waste
and fraud. One recent order for fighter jet canopies, for example, cost
nearly three times more than a state aviation contractor’s bid and resulted
in products riddled with flaws, according to an academic with the
institution that designed the part.
据信，军队中的行贿买官现象比党内还要习以为常。内部知情人士透露，将军的军衔可
能需要花费数十万美元。军队的采购活动也充斥着浪费和欺骗。例如，有关方面最近订
购了一些战斗机机舱盖，而该部件设计机构的一名学者说，采购费用几乎是一个国家航
空承包商投标价格的三倍，购得的产品还布满瑕疵。
Such abuses proliferated under Mr. Xi’s predecessor, Hu Jintao, who was
often seen as ineffectual and disengaged from military affairs. It was
during that period that General Gu oversaw a multibillion-dollar
construction boom as head of the infrastructure and barracks division. He
built several hundred outsize villas for high-ranking officers, profited
from scores of land deals and acquired three dozen homes in central Beijing
alone, the military insiders said.
在习近平的前任胡锦涛——人们往往认为他无所作为，对军队事务不管不问——执政期
间，此类滥用职权现象大量增加。正是在这段时间里，作为基础设施和军营建设负责人
的谷俊山主持了价值数十亿美元的建筑项目。前述军方知情人士表示，他给军方高官建
造了几百套特大别墅，从数十起土地交易中获利，还给自己置下了许多房产，单是在北
京市中心就有30多套。
Since a military scholar first acknowledged the case against General Gu
last August, two Chinese news media outlets, Global People and Caixin, have
pierced the secrecy surrounding it with investigative reports.
去年8月，一名军方学者首先承认了谷俊山案的存在；中文报刊《环球人物》和《财新
》随后刊发了调查性报道，对围绕此案的疑云进行了分析。
They portrayed General Gu as a stocky farmer’s son who made up for his
lack of qualifications with networking skills. He married a superior’s
daughter, plied higher-ups and underlings with perks, and recently
commissioned a biography and a grave site that inflated his father’s
revolutionary credentials, they reported.
据前述两家媒体报道，谷俊山出身于农民家庭，身强体壮，凭借拉关系的技巧弥补了任
职资格的不足。他娶了一名长官的女儿，用好处收买上司和下属。报道称，为了吹嘘他
父亲的革命背景，不久前他专门请人作传，并为父亲修建了一座陵园。
In the family’s hometown in central China, his brother, a former village
party chief, won local real estate deals and military supply contracts with
his backing, they reported. General Gu’s wife, a city police official,
worked to intercept villagers who took their grievances against the land
deals to Beijing.
报道称，在他的支持下，他曾担任村支书的弟弟在他位于中国中部的家乡获得了当地的
房地产交易和军事供给合同。谷俊山的妻子是一名警官，设法截住了因土地交易来京上
访的村民。
In one deal that drew internal scrutiny, General Gu approved more than
double the funds that the song-and-dance troupe requested for renovations,
and collected a kickback worth several hundred thousand dollars in cash and
gold bullion, two of the sources said.
其中两名位知情人士称，谷俊山曾有一宗交易招致了内部审查，当时歌舞团申请资金用
于翻修，谷俊山便给他们拨发了相当于申请数额两倍多的资金，然后收取了价值数十万
美元的现金和金块作为回扣。
General Liu first proposed action against General Gu in late 2011, said two
elite party members close to General Liu. Mr. Hu, who was nearing the end
of his presidency, then asked the military’s disciplinary agency to suspend
General Gu twice, they said, but encountered resistance from top military
leaders. Only after Mr. Hu ordered the party’s own disciplinary body to
investigate was the military forced to take action.
与刘源关系密切的两名共产党精英人士称，2011年末，刘源率先提出对谷俊山采取行动
。他们说，随后，当时即将卸任的中国国家主席胡锦涛曾两次要求军方纪检机构将谷俊
山停职，但却受到了军方高层领导的抵制。在胡锦涛命令共产党纪检机构介入调查后，
军方才被迫采取行动。
Even then, investigators moved slowly. By fall 2012, the military was
preparing an indictment accusing the general of pocketing less than $1
million in bribes and kickbacks, said the retired official.
即便在军方采取行动之后，调查人员的动作也非常缓慢。前述退休官员称，到了2012年
秋，军方还在准备针对谷俊山的起诉书，起诉书称谷俊山收受贿赂和回扣的金额不到
100万美元。
But Mr. Xi was incensed by the case and, after he took office, widened the
scope of the inquiry.
但是，此案让习近平颇为恼怒。上台执政之后，他扩大了调查的范围。
A turning point came in January 2013, when investigators raided a storage
chamber General Gu kept in his home village and hauled off four truckloads
of items, including 20 crates of liquor and a pure gold statue of Chairman
Mao, Caixin reported.
案件的转折出现在2013年1月。据《财新》报道，调查人员当时搜查了谷俊山建在老家
的仓库，拉走了满满四卡车东西，其中包括20箱名酒和一尊纯金毛主席雕像。
China’s Defense Ministry did not answer a request for comment on the case.
中国国防部没有回应对此案进行置评的请求。
One question under scrutiny is whether General Gu’s rapid rise — five
high-level promotions in eight years, over repeated objections from the head
of the logistics department — involved payoffs of now-retired military
leaders, particularly General Xu. General Xu is considered a protégé of
Jiang Zemin, the former president, and once oversaw appointments.
人们密切关注的一个问题是，谷俊山的快速升职——八年内在高层连升五级，尽管后勤
部部长多次反对——是不是因为他曾贿赂一些现已退休的军队领导人，特别是徐才厚。
徐才厚据信是前中国国家主席江泽民提拔的人，曾负责官员任命。
After he retired, investigators found a hoard of expensive gifts, including
large pieces of ivory, in a locked storeroom next to his former office, a
businesswoman briefed by military officers said.
从军方获悉相关情况的一名女商人说，徐才厚退休后，调查人员在他之前的办公室隔壁
的一间上锁的储藏室里发现了大量贵重礼物，其中包括一些大型的象牙制品。
“Gu Junshan gave him up,” said the businesswoman, after meeting with a
member of the military task force investigating the case. “He said that Gu
gave up information on just about everyone.”
“谷俊山供出了他，”与调查此案的一名军方工作组成员见面之后，前述女商人说，“
他说，谷俊山供出了几乎所有人。”
Mia Li contributed research.
Copyright © 2013 The New York Times Company. All rights reserved.
安思乔(Jonathan Ansfield)是《纽约时报》驻京记者。
Mia Li对本文有研究贡献。
翻译：陈柳、许欣 |
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