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发帖数: 22064 | 1 http://thediplomat.com/2014/09/the-ccp-didnt-fight-imperial-jap
The CCP Didn’t Fight Imperial Japan; the KMT Did
While the KMT military defended China against Japan during WWII, the CCP
built up strength for the civil war.
By Zachary Keck for The Diplomat
September 04, 2014
As Diplomat readers are well aware — and the Pacific Realist is frankly
sick of —China has mounted a sustained campaign demanding that Tokyo take a
“correct” view of Imperial Japan’s unspeakable crimes during WWII.
There’s always been a good deal of irony to all of this. Although far too
many Japanese leaders have tried to shrink or even deny the crimes of
Imperial Japan, including its atrocities in China, successive Japanese
governments have acknowledged and apologized for many of these.
On the other hand, the Chinese Communist Party has also committed numerous
massacres of Chinese since establishing the People’s Republic of China.
This began early in its tenure while consolidating its control over the vast
country, as Frank Dikötter notes in a terrific recent book. With
regards to the “land reform” campaign alone, for instance, Dikötter
writes, “The exact number of victims killed in the land reform will never
be known, but it is unlikely to have been fewer than 1.5 to 2 million people
from 1947 to 1952.” At least another two million were killed in the Great
Terror that Mao launched between 1950-1952 to weed out imaginary counter-
revolutionaries.
Of course, there was also the widespread famine that killed tens of millions
during the Great Leap Forward. To be sure, there’s no reason to believe
that Mao and the other CCP leaders intended to starve these people when they
launched the Great Leap Forward. That being said, they continued these
policies for years after they realized the disastrous outcomes they were
having simply because Mao didn’t want to admit his failures. Then, of
course, the entire country was plunged into chaos once again during the
Cultural Revolution, which was Mao’s attempt to ensure his atrocities weren
’t publicly acknowledged by the Party after his death.
As it turned, he needn’t have worried as the CCP under Deng Xiaoping
decided it was not in the Party’s interest to acknowledge it had nearly
destroyed the county many times over in its first 25 years in power. Instead
, the CCP has devoted considerable resources to systematically rewriting
history — or at the very least burying it. Unlike in Japan, where history
is distorted by hardline leaders, in China distorting history is the
official state policy. Meanwhile, taking the correct view of history is
illegal — which is why books like Tombstone are banned.
Reasonable observers might conclude that it is the height of hypocrisy for
the CCP to wage a global PR war over Japan’s views of history on the one
hand, while on the other hand criminalizing a correct view of its own
history. And there was a time not too long ago I might have agreed with
these reasonable observers’ conclusion. However, this week Xi Jinping and
the CCP took their hypocrisy on history to new heights.
As Shannon reported on Wednesday, earlier this year “China’s legislature
passed a resolution creating two new national observances. ‘Victory Day’
on September 3 would commemorate Japan’s surrender in the ‘War of
Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,’ China’s name for its fight
against Imperial Japan before and during World War II. December 13 was also
named a National Memorial Day to commemorate the Nanjing Massacre.”
She went on to note that President Xi and the entire Politburo Standing
Committee participated in the new Victory Day celebrations, which they used
mostly to criticize contemporary Japanese policy, and to try to create the
impression that Japan’s shifting defense posture represents a return to the
militarism of Imperial Japan.
However, along with criticizing Japan, Xi and the PBSC also used the Victory
Day celebrations to praise the CCP itself. As Shannon writes, the Victory
Day holiday “also served as a celebration of the Chinese Communist Party’s
role in defeating Japan — and more than that, in saving China from its
century of humiliation…. Xi credited the CCP with spearheading the movement
to unite all of China’s people in opposition to Japan. To Xi Jinping, the
deciding factors in the war were the ‘great national spirit’ of the
Chinese people — particularly, their patriotism — and the leadership of
the CCP.”
None of this is particularly new. The CCP has long claimed credit for having
tirelessly defended China from the Imperial Japanese army. This couldn’t
be further from the truth, however. As I have noted elsewhere, Japan’s
invasion of China saved the CCP from Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, and
ultimately allowed Mao to defeat the KMT in the ensuing civil war. Indeed,
by the end of 1934, the CCP was on the verge of extinction after KMT troops
delivered another heavy blow to the Red Army in Jiangxi Province, which
forced the Party to undertake the now infamous Long March to Xi’an in the
northwestern province of Shaanxi. Chiang initially pursued the Communist
forces, and would have almost certainly delivered a final blow to the CCP if
war with Japan could have been delayed. As it turned out, Chiang was not
able to put off the war with Japan any longer, and domestic and
international pressure forced him to accept a tacit alliance with the CCP
against Japan.
At the onset of the war, then, the CCP was not in any position to defend
anyone from the formidable Japanese military. In fact, it wasn’t even in a
position to defend itself from the KMT. The initial battles of the second
Sino-Japanese War in southern China were the largest ones, and the KMT
fought them alone.
This would be the trend of the entire war. As two scholars note, “From 1937
to 1945, there were 23 battles where both sides employed at least a
regiment each. The CCP was not a main force in any of these. The only time
it participated, it sent a mere 1,000 to 1,500 men, and then only as a
security detachment on one of the flanks.There were 1,117 significant
engagements on a scale smaller than a regular battle, but the CCP fought in
only one. Of the approximately 40,000 skirmishes, just 200 were fought by
the CCP, or 0.5 percent.”
By the CCP’s own accounts during the war, it barely played a role.
Specifically, in January 1940 Zhou Enlai sent a secret report to Joseph
Stalin which said that over a million Chinese had died fighting the Japanese
through the summer of 1939. He further admitted that only 3 percent of
those were CCP forces. In the same letter, Zhou pledged to continue to
support Chiang and recognize “the key position of the Kuomintang in leading
the organs of power and the army throughout the country.” In fact, in
direct contradiction to Xi’s claims on Wednesday, Zhou acknowledged that
Chiang and the KMT “united all the forces of the nation” in resisting
Japan’s aggression.
While the KMT were busy uniting the country and fighting the Japanese
military, CCP forces spent much of the early part of the war hiding in the
mountains to avoid battle. As the KMT was decimated by the Japanese military
, it was forced to retreat further south. At the same time, the Japanese
forces largely focused on securing control of Chinese cities and strategic
infrastructure, while ignoring China’s massive countryside. Thus, the KMT’
s efforts to actually defend China created a power vacuum in rural areas,
which the CCP came out of hiding to seize. It used its control over these
villages to perfect its propaganda and political efforts, and hid among the
population to avoid fighting the Japanese army. According to Soviet military
advisers stationed in CCP-controlled areas at the time, the CCP also used
this land to grow opium to fund its growing operations.
As far as fighting went, the CCP engaged in guerilla warfare and sabotage
missions. This certainly annoyed the Japanese forces, but it did not have a
significant impact on Japan’s war operations. In fact, even the Japanese
North China Area Army — which had command over the northern areas where the
CCP was located and the KMT was relatively weaker than elsewhere —
continued to see defeating the KMT as its primary objective. The greater
impact of these guerilla operations was in helping the CCP win new recruits.
The CCP used their “heroic” operations against the hated Japanese enemy
to recruit young men (and women) to their cause, much as militant groups
like the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham film their exploits today and
post them on YouTube to attract recruits.
This was highly successful. According to the CCP’s own estimates, it began
the war with 30,000 troops. By Victory Day, it had 1.2 million regular
troops and around 2.6 million to 3 million militia under its command. It was
also quick to seize the areas that the Japanese army was vacating, and
seized the Japanese equipment. In fact, in some instances it even forced the
Japanese soldiers to join the Red Army (the KMT did the same). Of course,
the war not only allowed the CCP to grow much stronger, but it also greatly
depleted the Nationalist’s strength. This allowed the CCP to prevail easily
in the civil war.
This was not by accident but by design. The CCP had a choice: it could have
prioritized defending the country against Japan during the war, or it could
have prioritized seizing control of China from those who did fight the
Japanese. It chose the latter. Meanwhile, by choosing to actually try to
defend China against Japan during the war, the Nationalists handed the
country to the CCP afterwards.
Which is why Xi and the CCP’s decision to create a national observance day
to honor its defense of China during the second Sino-Japanese War represents
the height of hypocrisy. It’s one thing to try to suppress all information
exposing the Party’s failings, which killed millions of Chinese, while
demanding Japan take a correct view of history (which Tokyo should do). It’
s another thing altogether to falsely claim credit for one of the defining
moments of your country’s modern history. And it’s really something
unprecedented to create a national holiday to honor your Party for doing
something it consciously avoided; namely, putting China’s defense over the
CCP itself. Classy. |
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