w*********9
发帖数: 548 | 1 诺贝尔奖爆露最大丑闻，真相浮出
诺贝尔医学奖项爆露最大丑闻，把奖项给了残害无数生灵，残害人类的日本骗子科学家
。这是人类历史上最悲哀的时刻。我所有的研究都揭示癌症，老年痴呆，糖尿病现阶段
广泛地流行，是日本人几十年孜孜不倦刻意造成的，是一种人造的疾病。他们给亿万的
生灵造成了终生的痛苦，他们应该被送上反人类的法庭去审判，而不是被奖赏。他应该
被逮捕，交代日本人是用什么样的手段伤害全世界无辜的人群的，如何制造癌症，老年
痴呆，糖尿病患者的。如何通过这些人体实验，给医药公司攫取了大量的财富。今年的
获得者是Yoshinori Ohsumi. 查看了一下去年的获得者，竟然也有个日本凶手Satoshi
Omura. 他的研究更是惨不忍睹，他的一生就是罪恶的一生，不知道害死了多少无辜的
人。只有中国的获得者是无辜的，值得敬佩的，以身献身科学的。说到底，如果不是这
些可恨的美国人，日本人传播这些寄生虫，我们的科学家也不用有那么多的牺牲来攻克
这些难题。有一天，我睡在沙发上，发现有人刺进了我的鼻子里，不知道他们往我身上
注射了什么。为什么我知道，因为他们研究的这些东西都用在了我的身上，和我身边的
人身上。这些害人的凶手！ 上帝会诅咒你们的！
世界需要从新洗牌，正义需要得到伸张。我代表亿万无辜的生灵向世界控诉你们。滚出
我的家！在派人来害我，折磨我，会让你们付出代价的！
Yoshinori Ohsumi, a professor in Tokyo Institute of Technology .
Japan's Yoshinori Ohsumi won the 2016 Nobel prize for medicine or physiology
for his discovery of how cells break down and recycle their content, which
could lead to a better understanding of diseases like cancer, Parkinson's
and type 2 diabetes.
"Ohsumi's discoveries led to a new paradigm in our understanding of how the
cell recycles its content," the Nobel Assembly at Sweden's Karolinska
Institute said in a statement on awarding the prize of 8 million Swedish
crowns ($933,000).
"His discoveries opened the path to understanding ... many physiological
processes, such as in the adaptation to starvation or response to infection,
" the statement added.
Ohsumi's work on cell breakdown, a field known as autophagy, is important
because it can help explain what goes wrong in a range of diseases.
"Mutations in autophagy ('self eating') genes can cause disease, and the
autophagic process is involved in several conditions including cancer and
neurological disease," the statement said.
Ohsumi, born in 1945 in Fukuoka, Japan, has been a professor at the Tokyo
Institute of Technology since 2009.
"I am extremely honored," he told Kyodo News agency.
The prize for Physiology or Medicine is the first of the Nobel prizes
awarded each year. Prizes for achievements in science, literature and peace
were first awarded in 1901 in accordance with the will of dynamite inventor
and businessman Alfred Nobel.
This year, the Karolinska Institute, the institution that awards the
medicine prize, has been immersed in a scandal over the hiring of a
controversial surgeon. The Swedish government dismissed several members of
the board in September.
(Reporting by Stockholm Newsroom; Editing by Alistair Scrutton and Mark
Trevelyan)
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Satoshi ōmura - Facts
Photo: A. Mahmoud
Satoshi ōmura
Born: 12 July 1935, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
Affiliation at the time of the award:Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against
infections caused by roundworm parasites"
Prize share: 1/4
Life
Satoshi Omura was born in Nirasaki, Yamanashi, Japan. He studied at the
University of Yamanashi and at the Tokyo University of Science. He holds two
doctorates: one in pharmaceutical science from the University of Tokyo from
1968 and one in chemistry from the Tokyo University of Science from 1970.
He has then primarily worked at the Kitasato University, Minato, Tokyo, but
is also affiliated with Wesleyan University, Middleton, Connecticut, USA.
Work
A number of serious infectious diseases are caused by parasites spread by
insects. River blindness is caused by a tiny worm that can infect the cornea
and cause blindness. Lymphatic filariasis, or elephantiasis, is also caused
by a worm and produces chronic swelling. Satoshi ōmura cultured bacteria,
which produce substances that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. In
1978 he succeeded in culturing a strain from which William Campbell
purified a substance, avermectin, which in a chemically modified form,
ivermectin, proved effective against river blindness and elephantiasis.
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Antiparasitic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the
treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths,[1]
amoeba,[2]ectoparasites, parasitic fungi,[3] and protozoa,[1] among others.
Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying
them or inhibiting their growth;[4] they are usually effective against a
limited number of parasites within a particular class. Antiparasitics are
one of the antimicrobial drugs which include antibiotics that target
bacteria, and antifungals that target fungi. They may be administered orally
, intravenously or topically.[4]
Broad-spectrum antiparasitics, analogous to broad-spectrum antibiotics for
bacteria, are antiparasitic drugs with efficacy in treating a wide range of
parasitic infections caused by parasites from different classes.
Contents
1Types
1.1Broad-spectrum
1.2Antiprotozoals
1.3Antihelminthic
1.3.1Antinematodes
1.3.2Anticestodes
1.3.3Antitrematodes
1.4Antiamoebics
1.5Antifungals
2Medical uses
2.1Administration
3Drug development history
4See also
5References
Types[edit]
See also: List of human parasitic diseases
Broad-spectrum[edit]
Nitazoxanide[5][6][7][8]
Antiprotozoals[edit]
Main article: Antiprotozoal
Melarsoprol (for treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei)
Eflornithine (for sleeping sickness)
Metronidazole (for vaginitis caused by Trichomonas)
Tinidazole (for intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia)
Miltefosine (for the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis,
currently undergoing investigation for Chagas disease)
Antihelminthic[edit]
Main article: Antihelminthic
Antinematodes[edit]
Ancylostoma caninum, a type of hookworm, attached to the intestinal mucosa.
Mebendazole (for most nematode infections)
Pyrantel pamoate (for most nematode infections)
Thiabendazole (for roundworm infections)
Diethylcarbamazine (for treatment of Lymphatic filariasis)
Ivermectin (for prevention of river blindness)
Anticestodes[edit]
Niclosamide (for tapeworm infections)
Praziquantel (for tapeworm infections)
Albendazole (broad spectrum)
Antitrematodes[edit]
Praziquantel
Antiamoebics[edit]
Rifampin
Amphotericin B
Antifungals[edit]
Fumagillin (for microsporidiosis)[3][9]
Medical uses[edit]
Antiparasitics treat parasitic diseases, which impact an estimated 2 billion
people.[1]
Administration[edit]
Antiparastics may be given via a variety of routes depending on the specific
medication, including oral, topical, and intravenous.[4]
Drug development history[edit]
Early antiparasitics were ineffective, frequently toxic to patients, and
difficult to administer due to the difficulty in distinguishing between the
host and the parasite.[4]
Between 1975 and 1999 only 13 of 1,300 new drugs were antiparasitics, which
raised concerns that insufficient incentives existed to drive development of
new treatments for diseases that disproportionately target low-income
countries. This led to new public sector and public-private partnerships (
PPPs), including investment by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Between 2000 and 2005, twenty new antiparasitic agents were developed or in
development. In 2005, a new antimalarial cost approximately $300 million to
develop with a 50% failure rate.[10]
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William C. Campbell (scientist)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
William C. Campbell
William C. Campbell, Nobel Laureate in medicine in Stockholm December 2015
Born William Cecil Campbell
28 June 1930 (age 86)
Ramelton, County Donegal, Ireland
Residence North Andover, Massachusetts[1]
Nationality Irish, American
Fields Parasitic diseases
Institutions Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research
Drew University
Alma mater Trinity College, Dublin
University of Wisconsin
Known for Avermectin
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2015)
William Cecil Campbell (born 28 June 1930) is an Irish-American biologist
and parasitologist known for his work in discovering a novel therapy against
infections caused by roundworms, for which he was jointly awarded the 2015
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[2] He helped to discover a class of
drugs called avermectins, whose derivatives have been shown to have "
extraordinary efficacy" in treating River blindness and Lymphatic filariasis
, among other parasitic diseases affecting animals and humans.[3][3]
Campbell worked at the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research 1957–1990,
and is currently a research fellow emeritus at Drew University.[4][5]
Contents
1Life
2Personal life
3Awards and honors
4References
5External links
Life[edit]
Campbell was born in Ramelton, County Donegal, Ireland in 1930 ,[6] the
third son of R. J. Campbell, a farm supplier. He studied at Trinity College,
Dublin with James Desmond Smyth,[7] graduating in 1952 with first class
honours in Zoology. He then attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison on
a Fulbright Scholarship, earning his Ph.D. degree in 1957 for work on the
liver fluke, a parasite affecting sheep.[5]
From 1957 to 1990 Campbell worked at Merck Institute for Therapeutic
Research,[8] and from 1984 to 1990 he was a Senior Scientist and Director
with Assay Research and Development. He became a U.S. citizen in 1962.[1]One
of his discoveries while at Merck was the fungicide thiabendazole, used to
treat potato blight, historically ascourge of Ireland.[5][9] Thiabendazole
is also used to treat trichinosis in humans.[10]
Campbell is best known for his work on parasitic diseases. Japanese
microbiologist Satoshi ōmura isolated and cultured many varieties of
natural soil-based bacteria from the group Streptomyces. Campbell lead a
team at Merck in studying ōmura's cultures and examining their
effectiveness in treating parasites in domestic and farm animals. From the
sample Streptomyces avermitilis, naturally produced in soil, he derived
macrocylclic lactone. After further modification, it was named ivermectin (
generic) or Mectizan.[11]
In 1978, having identified a successful treatment for a type of worms
affecting horses, Campbell realized that similar treatments might be useful
against related types of worms that affect humans. In 1981, Merck carried
out successful Phase 1 treatment trials in Senegal and France on river
blindness.[3][12]Taken orally, the drug paralyzes and sterilizes the
parasitic worm that causes the illness.[13] Merck went on to study the
treatment of elephantiasis. The research of Satoshi ōmura, William Campbell
, and their co-workers created a new class of drugs for the treatment of
parasites.[3][12]
In 1987, Merck decided to donate Mectizan to developing countries.[13]
Campbell was instrumental in that decision.[8][14] With the World Health
Organizationthey created an "unprecedented" drug donation program, with the
intention of wiping out the disease.[13] As of 2001 an estimated 25 million
people were being treated each year, in a total of 33 countries in sub-
Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East.[12][15][16][17] As of
2013, the Carter Centerindependently verified that the disease had been
eradicated in Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico.[18]
“The greatest challenge for science is to think globally, think simply and
act accordingly. It would be disastrous to neglect the diseases of the
developing world. One part of the world affects another part. We have a
moral obligation to look after each other, but we’re also naturally
obligated to look after our own needs. It has to be both."[7]
From 1990 to 2010, when he retired, Campbell was a research fellow at Drew
University in Madison, N.J., where he supervised undergraduate research and
taught courses in parasitology.[12] He has written about the history of
parasitology in Antarctic exploration, including the work of surgeon Edward
L. Atkinsonin Scott's ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition.[8][19]
In 2002, Campbell was elected member of the United States National Academy
of Sciences.[20] In 2015, he and Satoshi ōmura shared half of the 2015
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on therapies
against infections caused by roundworm parasites, using derivatives of
avermectin.[3][21] (The other half went to Tu Youyou for work on malaria
treatments.[3]) Campbell is the second Irish scientist to win a Nobel Prize,
after Ernest Walton won theNobel Prize in Physics in 1951.[7]
Personal life[edit]
William C. Campbell is married to Mary Mastin Campbell.[8] He is a published
poet and painter.[22] His recreational activities include table tennis and
kayaking.[7]
Awards and honors[edit]
1987 President of the American Society for Parasitologists[8]
2002 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences[8]
2008 ASP Distinguished Service Award from the American Society for
Parasitologists[8]
2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – shared with Satoshi ōmura and
Tu Youyou
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Yoshinori Ohsumi, a Japanese cell biologist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine on Monday for his discoveries on how cells recycle
their content, a process known as autophagy, a Greek term for “self-eating.”
It’s a crucial process. During starvation, cells break down proteins and
nonessential components and reuse them for energy. Cells also use autophagy
to destroy invading viruses and bacteria, sending them off for recycling.
And cells use autophagy to get rid of damaged structures. The process is
thought to go awry in cancer, infectious diseases, immunological diseases
and neurodegenerative disorders. Disruptions in autophagy are also thought
to play a role in aging.
But little was known about how autophagy happens, what genes were involved,
or its role in disease and normal development until the early 1990s, when Dr
. Ohsumi began studying the process in baker’s yeast.
Why did he win?
The process he studies is critical for cells to survive and to stay healthy.
The autophagy genes and the metabolic pathways he discovered in yeast are
used by higher organisms, including humans. And mutations in those genes can
cause disease. His work led to a new field and inspired hundreds of
researchers around the world to study the process and opened a new area of
inquiry.
Who is he?
Dr. Ohsumi, who was born in 1945 in Fukuoka, Japan, and received a Ph.D.
from the University of Tokyo in 1974, floundered at first, trying to find
his way. He started out in chemistry but decided it was too established a
field with few opportunities.
Rockefeller University in New York, where he was to study in vitro
fertilization in mice.
“I grew very frustrated,” he told the Journal of Cell Biology in 2012. He
switched to studying the duplication of DNA in yeast. That work led him to a
junior professor position at the University of Tokyo where he picked up a
microscope and started peering at sacks in yeast where cell components are
degraded — work that eventually brought him, at age 43, to the discoveries
that the Nobel Assembly recognized on Monday. Dr. Ohsumi later moved to the
National Institute for Basic Biology, in Okazaki, and since 2009, he has
been a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
“All I can say is, it’s such an honor,” Dr. Ohsumi told reporters at the
Tokyo Institute of Technology after learning he had been awarded the Nobel,
according to the Japanese broadcaster NHK. “I’d like to tell young people
that not all can be successful in science, but it’s important to rise to
the challenge.”
So he switched to molecular biology. But his Ph.D. thesis was unimpressive,
and he could not find a job. His adviser suggested a postdoctoral position
at Rockefeller University in New York, where he was to study in vitro
fertilization in mice.
“I grew very frustrated,” he told the Journal of Cell Biology in 2012. He
switched to studying the duplication of DNA in yeast. That work led him to a
junior professor position at the University of Tokyo where he picked up a
microscope and started peering at sacks in yeast where cell components are
degraded — work that eventually brought him, at age 43, to the discoveries
that the Nobel Assembly recognized on Monday. Dr. Ohsumi later moved to the
National Institute for Basic Biology, in Okazaki, and since 2009, he has
been a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
“All I can say is, it’s such an honor,” Dr. Ohsumi told reporters at the
Tokyo Institute of Technology after learning he had been awarded the Nobel,
according to the Japanese broadcaster NHK. “I’d like to tell young people
that not all can be successful in science, but it’s important to rise to
the challenge.”
What’s he like?
“He is a quiet man,” said Dr. Beth Levine, director of autophagy research
at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. But he
also is quietly daring.
“Unfortunately, these days, at least in Japan, young scientists want to get
a stable job, so they are afraid to take risks,” he told the Journal of
Cell Biology. “Most people decide to work on the most popular field because
they think that is the easiest way to get a paper published.”
As for himself, he said: “I am not very competitive, so I always look for a
new subject to study, even if it is not so popular. If you start from some
sort of basic, new observation, you will have plenty to work on.”
Reactions
Dr. Ohsumi’s Nobel Prize “was inevitable,” Dr. Levine said. Dr. Ohsumi,
she said, “is venerated in the autophagy field.”
The Japanese prime minister, Shinzo Abe, called Dr. Ohsumi to congratulate
him, saying “your research gave light to the people who suffer from serious
diseases.”
Nobel Prize Winning Scientists Reflect on Nearly Sleeping Through the Life-
Changing Call
With announcements of this year’s Nobel Prizes set to kick off on Monday,
here is how eight past winners got the word.
Who was overlooked for the prize this year?
Speculation had it that the Nobel would go to researchers whose work was
instrumental in developing new treatments that unleash the immune system to
attack cancer cells. The list is long. Front-runners had included James P.
Allison at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Craig B.
Thompson of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York; Gordon J.
Freeman of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Tasuku Honjo of Kyoto
University. Another scientist often mentioned as a Nobel contender is
Jeffrey Bluestone of the University of California, San Francisco, who works
on the immune system in disorders in which it attacks normal cells.
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
Who won last year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
William C. Campbell, Satoshi Omura and Tu Youyou were recognized for their
use of modern laboratory techniques to discover anti-parasitic drugslong
hidden in herbs and soil.
When the next Nobels will be announced
Five more will be awarded in the days to come:
■ The Nobel Prize in Physics will be announced on Tuesday in Sweden. Read
about last year’s winners, Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald.
■ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be announced on Wednesday in Sweden.
Read about last year’s winners, Tomas Lindahl, Paul L. Modrich and Aziz
Sancar.
■ The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday in Norway. Read about
last year’s winners, the National Dialogue Quartet of Tunisia.
■ The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science will be announced on Monday,
Oct. 10, in Sweden. Read about last year’s winner, Angus Deaton.
■ The Nobel Prize in Literature will be announced on Thursday, Oct. 13, in
Sweden. Read about last year’s winner, Svetlana Alexievich. |
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