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发帖数: 4825 | 1 https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/24/us/affirmative-action.html?hp
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Even With Affirmative Action, Blacks and Hispanics Are More Underrepresented
at Top Colleges Than 35 Years Ago
By JEREMY ASHKENAS, HAEYOUN PARK and ADAM PEARCE AUG. 24, 2017
Even after decades of affirmative action, black and Hispanic students are
more underrepresented at the nation’s top colleges and universities than
they were 35 years ago, according to a New York Times analysis.
The share of black freshmen at elite schools is virtually unchanged since
1980. Black students are just 6 percent of freshmen but 15 percent of
college-age Americans, as the chart below shows.
Blacks
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-10 pts.
Gap
-7 pts.
Gap
6%
15%
More Hispanics are attending elite schools, but the increase has not kept up
with the huge growth of young Hispanics in the United States, so the gap
between students and the college-age population has widened.
Hispanics
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-9 pts.
Gap
-3 pts.
Gap
13%
22%
The Times analysis includes 100 schools ranging from public flagship
universities to the Ivy League. For both blacks and Hispanics, the trend
extends back to at least 1980, the earliest year that fall enrollment data
was available from the National Center for Education Statistics.
Blacks and Hispanics have gained ground at less selective colleges and
universities but not at the highly selective institutions, said Terry Hartle
, a senior vice president at the American Council on Education, which
represents more than 1,700 colleges and universities.
The courts have ruled that colleges and universities can consider race or
ethnicity “as one element in a holistic admissions policy, so it’s
something that can be considered, but it’s not a magic bullet,” he said.
Affirmative action increases the numbers of black and Hispanic students at
many colleges and universities, but experts say that persistent
underrepresentation often stems from equity issues that begin earlier.
Elementary and secondary schools with large numbers of black and Hispanic
students are less likely to have experienced teachers, advanced courses,
high-quality instructional materials and adequate facilities, according to
the United States Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights.
“There’s such a distinct disadvantage to begin with,” said David Hawkins,
an executive director at the National Association for College Admission
Counseling. “A cascading set of obstacles all seem to contribute to a
diminished representation of minority students in highly selective colleges.”
The Ivy League
Blacks
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-6 pts.
Gap
-5 pts.
Gap
9%
15%
Hispanics
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-7 pts.
Gap
-2 pts.
Gap
15%
22%
Black students make up 9 percent of the freshmen at Ivy League schools but
15 percent of college-age Americans, roughly the same gap as in 1980. (A
category for multiracial students, introduced in 2008, has slightly reduced
the share of black students.)
At all eight schools, white enrollment declined as Asian enrollment
increased. In recent years, the growth of Asian enrollment has slowed at
some schools, and some Asian-American students say they are being held to a
higher standard.
Brown University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
52% White
17% Asian
9% Multiracial
8% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
Share of Freshmen
Columbia University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
40% White
24% Asian
8% Multiracial
9% Black
18% Hispanic
2015
Cornell University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
45% White
24% Asian
5% Multiracial
8% Black
16% Hispanic
2015
Dartmouth College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
56% White
18% Asian
3% Native American
6% Multiracial
7% Black
10% Hispanic
2015
Harvard University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
47% White
24% Asian
7% Multiracial
8% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
Princeton University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
49% White
26% Asian
4% Multiracial
8% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
University of Pennsylvania
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
50% White
23% Asian
4% Multiracial
9% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
Yale University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
51% White
21% Asian
5% Multiracial
8% Black
15% Hispanic
2015
University of California Campuses
Blacks
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-4 pts.
Gap
-6 pts.
Gap
3%
7%
Hispanics
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-17 pts.
Gap
-12 pts.
Gap
33%
49%
The number of Hispanic and black freshmen on the University of California
campuses declined immediately after California’s affirmative action ban
took effect, especially at the most sought-after campuses, said Stephen
Handel, associate vice president for undergraduate admissions. The system
put the ban in place in 1998.
Even now, both Hispanics and blacks are least represented at Berkeley, the
most selective campus. On seven campuses, Hispanics now make up a quarter or
more of the freshmen, but that’s still far below their share of the
college-age population in the state, which is close to 50 percent.
“Despite the progress the U.C. has made in assembling a more diverse
student body, a lot of work remains to be done so that all U.C. campuses
reflect the true diversity of the state,” Mr. Handel said in an email.
U.C. Berkeley
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
30% White
46% Asian
6% Multiracial
2% Black
15% Hispanic
2015
Share of Freshmen
U.C. Davis
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
29% White
36% Asian
6% Multiracial
3% Black
25% Hispanic
2015
U.C. Irvine
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
15% White
41% Asian
4% Multiracial
3% Black
36% Hispanic
2015
U.C.L.A.
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
31% White
35% Asian
6% Multiracial
4% Black
24% Hispanic
2015
U.C. Merced
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
11% White
22% Asian
4% Multiracial
4% Black
58% Hispanic
2015
U.C. Riverside
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
12% White
41% Asian
4% Black
38% Hispanic
2015
U.C. San Diego
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
24% White
49% Asian
6% Multiracial
1% Black
19% Hispanic
2015
U.C. Santa Barbara
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
34% White
22% Asian
10% Multiracial
3% Black
31% Hispanic
2015
U.C. Santa Cruz
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
33% White
27% Asian
9% Multiracial
2% Black
29% Hispanic
2015
Top Liberal Arts Colleges
Blacks
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-8 pts.
Gap
-7 pts.
Gap
7%
15%
Hispanics
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-9 pts.
Gap
-4 pts.
Gap
13%
22%
Over all, the share of black and Hispanic students at liberal arts colleges
is similar to that at other top schools. Both blacks and Hispanics have
gained ground in a handful of colleges, such as Amherst and Pomona.
Amherst College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
51% White
16% Asian
6% Multiracial
12% Black
15% Hispanic
2015
Share of Freshmen
Bowdoin College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
68% White
8% Asian
7% Multiracial
6% Black
11% Hispanic
2015
Carleton College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
70% White
7% Asian
8% Multiracial
5% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
Claremont McKenna College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
51% White
15% Asian
8% Multiracial
5% Black
21% Hispanic
2015
Colby College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
75% White
8% Asian
4% Multiracial
3% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
Colgate University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
73% White
4% Asian
6% Black
12% Hispanic
2015
Davidson College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
74% White
5% Asian
7% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
Grinnell College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
69% White
8% Asian
7% Multiracial
8% Black
7% Hispanic
2015
Hamilton College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
71% White
8% Asian
6% Black
10% Hispanic
2015
Harvey Mudd College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
37% White
21% Asian
14% Multiracial
6% Black
22% Hispanic
2015
Haverford College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
65% White
14% Asian
2% Multiracial
10% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
Middlebury College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
70% White
7% Asian
6% Multiracial
4% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
Pomona College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
40% White
18% Asian
8% Multiracial
12% Black
22% Hispanic
2015
Smith College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
55% White
13% Asian
7% Multiracial
10% Black
15% Hispanic
2015
Swarthmore College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
48% White
22% Asian
8% Multiracial
8% Black
14% Hispanic
2015
Vassar College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
64% White
13% Asian
7% Multiracial
4% Black
11% Hispanic
2015
Washington and Lee University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
88% White
4% Asian
3% Black
3% Hispanic
2015
Wellesley College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
45% White
25% Asian
6% Multiracial
7% Black
17% Hispanic
2015
Wesleyan University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
61% White
9% Asian
8% Multiracial
9% Black
14% Hispanic
2015
Williams College
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
56% White
15% Asian
5% Multiracial
10% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
Other Top Universities
Blacks
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-7 pts.
Gap
-6 pts.
Gap
8%
15%
Hispanics
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-9 pts.
Gap
-3 pts.
Gap
14%
22%
Blacks and Hispanics remain underrepresented at other top universities, even
as the share of white students at many of these schools has dropped, in
some cases below 50 percent. The largest growth has often been among Asian
students.
For example, the share of white freshmen at Rice University in Houston,
which was exclusively white until the mid-1960s, declined to 42 percent in
2015 from 87 percent in 1980. Meanwhile, the share of Asian students rose to
30 percent in 2015 from 3 percent in 1980.
Caltech
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
32% White
50% Asian
5% Multiracial
1% Black
12% Hispanic
2015
Share of Freshmen
Duke University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
52% White
24% Asian
11% Black
11% Hispanic
2015
Emory University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
50% White
22% Asian
11% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
Georgetown University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
64% White
12% Asian
6% Multiracial
8% Black
10% Hispanic
2015
Johns Hopkins University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
40% White
30% Asian
5% Multiracial
8% Black
16% Hispanic
2015
M.I.T.
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
40% White
30% Asian
8% Multiracial
6% Black
16% Hispanic
2015
Northwestern University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
55% White
19% Asian
4% Multiracial
8% Black
14% Hispanic
2015
Rice University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
42% White
30% Asian
5% Multiracial
7% Black
15% Hispanic
2015
Stanford University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
41% White
25% Asian
11% Multiracial
7% Black
15% Hispanic
2015
University of Chicago
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
59% White
21% Asian
3% Multiracial
7% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
University of Notre Dame
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
73% White
6% Asian
5% Multiracial
4% Black
12% Hispanic
2015
University of Southern California
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
47% White
25% Asian
7% Multiracial
6% Black
16% Hispanic
2015
Vanderbilt University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
55% White
15% Asian
6% Multiracial
11% Black
12% Hispanic
2015
Washington University in St. Louis
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
58% White
20% Asian
8% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
Public Flagship Universities
Blacks
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-10 pts.
Gap
-7 pts.
Gap
6%
15%
Hispanics
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
College-age population
Freshman enrollment
-12 pts.
Gap
-4 pts.
Gap
11%
22%
Black students remain underrepresented in a number of flagships in states
with a large share of college-age residents who are black.
For example, in Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina, blacks
represent about a third or more of each state’s college-age population but
less than 15 percent of the freshman enrollment at the flagship university.
At the University of South Carolina’s Columbia campus, black freshman
enrollment has declined significantly over the last 15 years. Students on
campus have protested racial inequalities.
Many public flagship universities draw students from the state or region,
rather than the entire country. While black freshman enrollment at schools
like West Virginia University and the University of Nebraska are low, they
are on par with the college-age population in those states.
The University of Alabama
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
80% White
1% Asian
10% Black
5% Hispanic
2015
Share of Freshmen
University of Alaska Fairbanks
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
60% White
2% Asian
19% Native American
6% Multiracial
3% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
University of Arizona
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
57% White
6% Asian
5% Multiracial
5% Black
26% Hispanic
2015
University of Arkansas
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
80% White
2% Asian
4% Black
8% Hispanic
2015
University of California, Berkeley
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
30% White
46% Asian
6% Multiracial
2% Black
15% Hispanic
2015
University of Colorado Boulder
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
74% White
6% Asian
6% Multiracial
2% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
University of Connecticut
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
66% White
13% Asian
8% Black
10% Hispanic
2015
University of Delaware
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
77% White
6% Asian
6% Black
8% Hispanic
2015
University of Florida
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
58% White
10% Asian
6% Black
21% Hispanic
2015
University of Georgia
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
71% White
11% Asian
8% Black
6% Hispanic
2015
University of Hawaii at Manoa
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
20% White
41% Asian
23% Multiracial
1% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
University of Idaho
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
80% White
2% Asian
4% Multiracial
1% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
53% White
23% Asian
7% Black
13% Hispanic
2015
Indiana University Bloomington
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
78% White
5% Asian
5% Black
7% Hispanic
2015
University of Iowa
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
76% White
5% Asian
5% Black
10% Hispanic
2015
University of Kansas
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
76% White
5% Asian
6% Multiracial
5% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
University of Kentucky
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
79% White
2% Asian
8% Black
5% Hispanic
2015
Louisiana State University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
74% White
4% Asian
14% Black
6% Hispanic
2015
University of Maine
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
88% White
2% Asian
1% Native American
2% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
University of Maryland
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
54% White
19% Asian
13% Black
10% Hispanic
2015
University of Massachusetts Amherst
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
74% White
12% Asian
3% Black
7% Hispanic
2015
University of Michigan
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
68% White
15% Asian
5% Black
6% Hispanic
2015
University of Minnesota Twin Cities
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
78% White
10% Asian
4% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
University of Mississippi
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
82% White
2% Asian
10% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
University of Missouri
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
81% White
3% Asian
8% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
University of Montana
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
84% White
1% Asian
5% Multiracial
1% Black
5% Hispanic
2015
University of Nebraska – Lincoln
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
83% White
3% Asian
4% Black
7% Hispanic
2015
The University of Nevada, Reno
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
59% White
9% Asian
6% Multiracial
5% Black
20% Hispanic
2015
University of New Hampshire
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
90% White
3% Asian
1% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
Rutgers University – New Brunswick
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
41% White
32% Asian
8% Black
14% Hispanic
2015
University of New Mexico
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
33% White
5% Asian
4% Native American
2% Black
53% Hispanic
2015
University at Buffalo
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
59% White
20% Asian
9% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
68% White
12% Asian
8% Black
8% Hispanic
2015
University of North Dakota
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
90% White
1% Asian
1% Black
3% Hispanic
2015
Ohio State University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
79% White
8% Asian
5% Black
5% Hispanic
2015
University of Oklahoma
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
66% White
7% Asian
4% Native American
9% Multiracial
5% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
University of Oregon
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
69% White
6% Asian
8% Multiracial
2% Black
14% Hispanic
2015
Pennsylvania State University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
77% White
7% Asian
5% Black
8% Hispanic
2015
University of Rhode Island
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
77% White
4% Asian
5% Black
11% Hispanic
2015
University of South Carolina
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
83% White
3% Asian
6% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
University of South Dakota
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
86% White
1% Asian
3% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
82% White
4% Asian
7% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
The University of Texas at Austin
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
44% White
24% Asian
5% Black
23% Hispanic
2015
University of Utah
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
71% White
7% Asian
6% Multiracial
1% Black
14% Hispanic
2015
University of Vermont
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
88% White
3% Asian
1% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
University of Virginia
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
65% White
16% Asian
5% Multiracial
7% Black
7% Hispanic
2015
University of Washington
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
49% White
30% Asian
8% Multiracial
3% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
West Virginia University
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
86% White
1% Asian
4% Black
4% Hispanic
2015
University of Wisconsin – Madison
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
83% White
6% Asian
2% Black
5% Hispanic
2015
University of Wyoming
1980
'90
'00
'10
'15
82% White
1% Asian
5% Multiracial
1% Black
9% Hispanic
2015
Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education
Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; socialexplorer.com; U.S. News & World Report
2017 Best Colleges Rankings; The College Board; The Century Foundation;
David Hawkins, National Association for College Admission Counseling; Ozan
Jaquette, University of California, Los Angeles; Daniel Hirschman, Brown
University
Notes: Data in charts are for undergraduates enrolled in the fall for the
first time at four-year universities that grant degrees. From 1980 to 1993,
data for students whose race or ethnicity was unknown has been redistributed
across other groups.
Students whose race is unknown and international students are excluded from
totals. The multiracial category, which was introduced in 2008, and the
Native American category are shown when either group is ever above 5 percent
of total enrollment.
Enrollment for each racial and ethnic group is reported by the schools, and
may be incorrect or not add up to 100 percent. Years in which the total of
the groups enrolled was less than 90 percent or more than 110 percent are
excluded from the charts. Years in which any single group exceeded 100
percent are also excluded.
Population data for 1990 to 2015 are for 18-year-olds. Population data for
1980 is for 17- to 21-year-olds with high school degrees. The population and
enrollment data do not consistently count multiracial or Native American
students. To account for this, the percentages on the gap charts use only
Asian, black, Hispanic and white counts in the denominator. | l***8
发帖数: 2233 | 2 希望至少能达到相应人口比例的80%
[在 umner (jhq) 的大作中提到：]
:https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/24/us/affirmative-action.html?
hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=photo-spot-
:region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news
:Even With Affirmative Action, Blacks and Hispanics Are More
Underrepresented at Top Colleges Than 35 Years Ago
:By JEREMY ASHKENAS, HAEYOUN PARK and ADAM PEARCE AUG. 24, 2017
:Even after decades of affirmative action, black and Hispanic students are
:more underrepresented at the nation’s top colleges and universities than
:they were 35 years ago, according to a New York Times analysis.
:The share of black freshmen at elite schools is virtually unchanged since
:college-age Americans, as the chart below shows.
:Blacks
:.......... |
|
