b********n
发帖数: 38600 | 1 here’s a look at six past trade wars and the havoc they caused to the
global economy.
1. The Opium Wars
When China attempted to suppress the opium trade in the mid 19th century —
an illegal activity enjoyed mostly by British traders and the cause of
widespread addiction and social problems — it led to armed conflict.
Or, as one analyst bluntly put it: “England went to war with China because
it was upset that Chinese officials had shut down its drug trafficking
racket and confiscated its dope.”
China burned more than 20,000 chests of opium, leading to a conflict which
resulted in the ceding of Hong Kong to the British and an increase in the
number of treaty ports where British ships could trade and reside.
A second conflict erupted when the British forces — this time joined by the
French — fought again to extend their trading rights in the region. The
end result was the establishment of more than 80 new treaty ports in China,
the legalization of the importation of opium and rights for all foreign
traders to travel within the country.
2. Franco-Italian trade war
Aiming to foster its own fledgling industries, Italy turned to protectionism
in 1886, ending its trade agreement with France and placing tariffs as high
as 60 percent on French imports. France retaliated and trade fell
dramatically between the two countries.
The result was the passing of the protectionist Méline Tariff in 1892 which
essentially ended France’s dalliance with free trade. The trade dispute
also had the unintended consequence of pushing Italy closer to Germany and
the Austro-Hungarian empire in the lead up to World War I.
3. US-Canadian trade wars
The Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty, signed in 1854, was a trade
agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom which applied to
British colonial possessions, including Canada.
After the US Civil War, the Reciprocity Treaty with Canada was abolished; an
act which kicked off decades of tit-for-tat trade measures and tariff
retaliations. Unfortunately for the US, its protectionism policies led to
the fleeing of American companies out of the US — perhaps with sweet irony,
to Canada.
By the late 1880s, about 65 US manufacturing plants had relocated to Canada
— and it took nearly a century for free trade to develop between the US and
Canada again.
4. Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act 1930
Some economists blame the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 for exacerbating
the Great Depression. Implemented with the aim of saving US factories, the
act raised tariffs on more than 20,000 kinds of imported goods — despite a
petition signed by more than 1,000 economics and threats of retaliation from
other countries.
The act did not revive the American economy, as its architects envisioned,
however. Instead, it is blamed for spreading protectionist policies around
the globe, helping global trade plummet by about 26 percent in the years
after its signing.
Smoot-Hawley “was such a disaster that it’s held sway over American trade
policy for over 80 years,” said Joshua Meltzer, a senior fellow at the
Brookings Institution who teaches international trade law at Johns Hopkins
University. “No one wants to repeat it.”
Following World War 2, the World Trade Organization was formed to regulate
international trade and prevent a repeat of destructive trade policies.
5. The Chicken War
Cheap chickens sparked a trade war between the US and Europe at the height
of the Cold War. The ‘Chicken War’ of 1963 erupted when France and Germany
complained about the importation of inexpensive chickens from the US.
France and Germany slapped tariffs on American imported chicken and in
response, the US placed a 25 percent tax on imports of Volkswagen microbuses
, potato starch, dextrin and brandy imported from Europe.
The tariff significantly hurt German automaker Volkswagen and it still
stands for imported light trucks today.
6. Cuban embargo
The first US trade embargo on Cuba began in October 1960 and covered all US
exports to Cuba apart from medicine and select foods. The embargo was later
expanded to cover US imports from Cuba in 1962. The blockade was ordered by
President John F. Kennedy in protest at Fidel Castro’s leadership and his
alignment with the Soviet Union.
Taking hypocrisy to dizzying levels, hours before signing the embargo,
Kennedy ordered a personal shipment of 1,200 Cuban cigars for his own
enjoyment. Later, Kennedy’s press secretary Pierre Salinger visited the
Soviet Union and was gifted with 250 Cuban cigars from Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev, which he smuggled back into the US.
The US’s blockade of Cuba still stands today and it would require an act of
Congress to remove it — something which would be highly unlikely,
particularly under a Republican administration.
If history is any indicator, it seems trade wars are not “good” or “easy
to win” as Trump has claimed.
In fact, they rarely result in big wins for anyone; they can sometimes have
the opposite to the intended effect — and they are ultimately pyrrhic
victories whose negative impacts can reverberate for decades. | b********n
发帖数: 38600 | 2 Smoot-Hawley “was such a disaster that it’s held sway over American trade
policy for over 80 years,” | f******o
发帖数: 2469 | | h******n
发帖数: 202 | 4 1. 鸦片战争
结果：中国割让香港，开放口岸，鸦片交易合法化。
2. 法意贸易战
意大利1886年向法国征收60%的进口税，法国反击。
结果：意法之间贸易骤减，法国走向贸易保护主义。意大利倒向德国和奥匈，一战爆发。
3. 美加贸易战
美国内战后废除与加拿大的贸易互惠条约，走向贸易保护。
结果：美国制造业出逃，其中很多去了加拿大。
4.斯姆特-霍利关税法案
美国1930通过该法案，向两万种进口商品加征关税。
结果：贸易保护主义在全球蔓延，大萧条恶化，二战爆发。
5. 鸡肉贸易战
1963年法德因美国鸡肉过于便宜而加征关税，美国报复，向欧洲出口的汽车、土豆粉等
征重税。
结果： 大众汽车躺枪。
6. 经济封锁古巴
美国1960年开始禁止一切美国产品向古巴出口，1962年禁止一切商品从从古巴进口。
结果： 封锁至今仍未解除。
【在 f******o 的大作中提到】
: 太长 来个中文总结吧
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