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发帖数: 617 | 1 大意：
1965年开始日本持续对美国贸易逆差年年剧增后， 二十年来美国对日本发起了损人不
利己的三大贸易战役， 几十个301战斗。日本每次都不挣扎， 主动躺倒。
1. 日本自己自愿少出口
2. 日本购买更多的美国货
3. 广场协议， 日元升值。
结果大家都知道了。 日本对美国贸易逆差剧没有减少， 但是，日本进入了“失去的20
年”。美国居然也就不在乎了。
美国还冷言冷语， 日本是自己没有处理好自己的经济才衰退的。
Between 1976 to 1989, the U.S. launched 20 investigations under Section 301
of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 (the very same Section 301 that the Trump
administration is now invoking) against Japan’s exports to the U.S., not
only in autos, but also in steel, telecom, pharmaceutical, semiconductors,
and others. The Japanese government backed down and agreed to a series of
oxymoronically termed “voluntary restraints” on exports on all the
disputed items.
When America’s trade deficit with Japan failed to decline despite such
voluntary restraints, the U.S. government then pressured Japan to import
more from the U.S. Again, the Japanese government accommodated America’s
demand by loosening monetary policy to encourage more domestic consumption.
Japanese domestic consumption did rise, especially in the property market,
fueled by rising debts based on low interest rates, but didn’t do much to
increase imports from America.
This led to the third and last act of the trade war. The U.S. government
accused Japan of manipulating its currency, keeping the yen’s exchange rate
low against the U.S. dollar, thus giving Japanese exporters an unfair
advantage. Japan was coerced to appreciate its currency at the Plaza Accord
in September 1985. This was the agreement engineered by the U.S. as the
chief currency manipulator with Japan, France, West Germany, and the U.K. as
accomplices to varying degrees of reluctance, to jointly depreciate the U.S
. dollar against the yen and the German mark. As far as currency
manipulation goes, the Plaza Accord worked. Between 1985 and 1988, the yen
appreciated 88% against the U.S. dollar, according to data from the U.S.
Federal Reserve. |
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