f******o
发帖数: 2469 | 1 美帝还是怕
美帝在苏联解体两年以后就邀请俄罗斯了 | f******o
发帖数: 2469 | 2 世界十大航天大国排名，中国火箭发射次数超美俄居首位
编辑：123ok2018-05-03 14:38:23
虽然中国的航天技术不是世界上最强的，但是在火箭运载火箭领域有一项数据缺失碾压
其他国家的，那就是火箭发射成功率，中国的发射成功率是94.3%，高居全球第一位，
而综合实力则名列世界十大航天大国排名中第4位，而今天我们就盘点一下全球最强的
十个航天大国。
世界十大航天大国排名
1、美国(飞天宇航员334人、火箭发射成功率91.1%)
地球上最早开始开展航天活动的国家就是美国，它的活动规模和技术水平毫无疑问是世
界十大航天大国排名中最强的，至今已经有334名美国宇航员进入太空，还曾拥有世界
上最大的运载火箭，它在战略引领、产品体系等等领域都是当之无愧的最强，本土甚至
还拥有私立运载火箭发射公司，比如亚马逊旗下的蓝色起源火箭。
2、欧洲(飞天宇航员45人，火箭发射成功率95%)
世界十大航天大国排名
欧洲所指的是由法国、意大利、德国等组成的欧盟，它的航天整体实力位居第二，而在
欧盟内部，法国的航天技术又是最好的，其次是意大利和德国，欧盟至今为止一共发射
了259次火箭，成功率有95%，宇航员在太空停留的时间在2300天以上，是起步比较早的
一个组织。
3、俄罗斯(飞天宇航员119人，火箭发射成功率93.5%)
世界十大航天大国排名
自从苏联解体之后，俄罗斯的航天实力被大幅削减，不过凭借着多年积累的经验，俄罗
斯的航天实力依然不容小视，它一共将119名宇航员送入太空，而这些宇航员在太空中
停留的时间总共好过25000天，是全球在太空逗留时间最长的，它的发射成功率也高达
93.5%，略高于美国。
4、中国(飞天宇航员10人，火箭发射成功率94.3%)
世界十大航天大国排名
中国在航天领域的起步比较晚，但是进步是最为明显的，尤其是近些年的发射次数已经
迎头赶上俄罗斯和美国，在2011年就已经超越美国，而且随着未来中国航天事业的发展
，发射次数会比美国俄罗斯更多，此外高达94.3%的成功率也是衡量国家航天技术的重
要标准，这一点中国无疑是顶尖的。
5、日本(飞天宇航员10人，火箭发射成功率91.8%)
世界十大航天大国排名
日本在很早的时候就已经有宇航员出现在太空中，不过与美国和俄罗斯不同的是，日本
主要采取的是国际合作的方式，将自己的宇航员送上太空，因此在实力上与美国俄罗斯
是有差距的，不过日本的运载火箭也是相当有实力的，一共发射了97次，成功率也搞到
91.8%。
6、印度(飞天宇航员1人，火箭发射成功率79.2%)
世界十大航天大国排名
印度和日本一样也是依靠国际合作的方式将宇航员送入太空，目前只有一名印度宇航员
出现在太空中，它独立完成航天任务的能力还略显不足，一共有48次火箭发射，但是成
功率却只有79.2%，非常的不稳定而且安全性无法得到保障，不过印度并没有放弃对于
航天事业的发展。
7、加拿大
世界十大航天大国排名
加拿大航天活动开始于20世纪50年代末，主要研制国内通信卫星和利用外国对地观测卫
星。1962年9月28日,加拿大用美国运载火箭发射第一颗人造地球卫星云雀号，1972年加
拿大组建遥感中心，与美国、法国等合作研制搜索研究卫星，主要采用其他国家的运载
火箭来进行发射。
8、韩国
世界十大航天大国排名
韩国的航天技术开展并不算早，不过2008年韩国的李素妍却成为亚洲第二位进入太空的
女性，也是历史上首个韩国进入太空的女性，她在2008年搭载俄罗斯联盟号载人飞船前
往国际空间站，而之前她是一名生物学博士，从韩国3万多名志愿者中被挑选出来，并
且在韩国和俄罗斯接受训练。
9、以色列
世界十大航天大国排名
它是全球拥有本土发射能力面积最小的国家，在1983年的时候就成立了以色列航天局，
这个国家在1961年就开始了第一级火箭发射，拥有沙维特系列运载火箭，这是一种一种
3 级全固体运载火箭，全长17.7米，直径约1.353米，起飞重量22—30吨左右。
10、澳大利亚
世界十大航天大国排名
虽然澳大利亚在2017年才成立航天局，但是开展航天活动却早在1957年就已经开始，之
后在全球很多科学研究项目中都有澳大利亚的身影，比如在1970年澳大利亚成为美国以
外最大的美国宇航局空间站的所在地，为美国轨道卫星、载人航天飞行和深度空间跟踪
网络提供设施。 | C*********e
发帖数: 1 | 3 自悲呗，
怕中国航天员跟美国航天员接触多了，把阿波罗登月造假的事给套出来
【在 f******o 的大作中提到】
: 美帝还是怕
: 美帝在苏联解体两年以后就邀请俄罗斯了
| C*******A
发帖数: 1980 | | d*c
发帖数: 1 | | f******o
发帖数: 2469 | 6 中国怕啥 是美国怕好不好
The Silly Reason the Chinese Aren't Allowed on the Space Station
Welcome home: Nie Haisheng is helped out of his Shenzhou 10 spacecraft
after a 15-day mission in 2013.
Welcome home: Nie Haisheng is helped out of his Shenzhou 10 spacecraft after
a 15-day mission in 2013. AFP/Getty Images
BY JEFFREY KLUGER
MAY 29, 2015
IDEAS
Kluger is Editor at Large for TIME.
Geopolitics can be child’s play—literally. How else would you describe the
did-not! did-too! brawl that can result when one country crosses another
country’s invisible line in the playroom that is the South China Sea? How
else would you describe the G-8 canceling its playdate in Sochi after Russia
climbed over the fence to Ukraine’s yard?
Something similar is true of the International Space Station (ISS), the
biggest, coolest, most excellent tree house there ever was. Principally
built and operated by the U.S., the ISS has welcomed aboard astronauts from
15 different countries, including such space newbies as South Africa, Brazil
, The Netherlands and Malaysia. But China? Nuh-uh. Never has happened, never
gonna’ happen.
China has been barred from the ISS since 2011, when Congress passed a law
prohibiting official American contact with the Chinese space program due to
concerns about national security. “National security,” of course, is the
lingua franca excuse for any country to do anything it jolly well wants to
do even if it has nothing to do with, you know, the security of the nation.
But never mind.
Few people in the U.S. paid much attention to the no-Chinese law, but it’s
at last taking deserved heat, thanks to a CNN interview with the three
Chinese astronauts—or taikonauts—who flew China’s Shenzhou 10 mission in
2013. The network’s visit to China’s usually closed Space City, which will
air on May 30, is a reporting coup, especially because of the entirely
familiar, entirely un-scary world it reveals: serious taikonauts doing
serious work with serious mission planners—every bit what you see behind
the scenes at NASA or Russia’s Roscosmos.
See the Most Beautiful Space Photos of 2014
NASA's Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array's first picture of the sun
taken in high-energy X-rays released on Dec. 22, 2014.
An infrared image of a small portion of the Monkey Head Nebula captured by
the Hubble telescope released on March 17, 2014.
NGC 4258 is a spiral galaxy well known to astronomers for having two so-
called anomalous arms that glow in X-ray, optical and radio light.
Eta Carinae is one of the most luminous known star systems in our galaxy
seen here in this photo released on Aug. 26, 2014.
A reprocessed picture shows off the amazing colors of Europa, a mysterious
ice-covered moon of Jupiter, as they have never been seen before released on
Nov. 21, 2014.
Astronaut Reid Wiseman tweeted this photo on June 1, 2014 from the
International Space Station "A simple toy from my childhood makes for a cool
picture in space."
This image of Saturn's rings was taken by a camera on the Cassini spacecraft
released on Jan. 21, 2014.
A long exposure of the European Space Agency's Optical Ground Station at the
La Teide Observatory on the Canary Islands, Spain released on April 27,
2014.
An aurora near Australia seen from the International Space Station released
on July 15, 2014.
This close-up of cosmic clouds and stellar winds features LL Orionis
interacting with the Orion Nebula flow.
The Eagle Nebula also known as as Messier 16 or M16, and the 'Pillars of
Creation' in the constellation Serpens in May 2014.
The Russell Crater dunes seen on Mars in this photo released on Feb. 5, 2014.
Saturn taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Nov. 23, 2013
and released for the first time on Feb. 3, 2014.
This vista of the Endeavour Crater rim taken by Opportunity Rover combines
several exposures taken by the rover's panoramic camera on April 18, 2014
and was released on May 19, 2014.
Astronaut Alexander Gerst tweeted this photo on July 6, 2014 from the
International Space Station "Harsh land. Windswept valleys in northern #
Africa / Hartes Land"
The moon over northeast Greenland in March 2014.
A crescent moon rises over the cusp of the Earth's atmosphere in this
picture by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Koichi Wakata
onboard the International Space Station on Feb. 1, 2014.
An optical image, from the Digitized Sky Survey of the Flame Nebula released
on May 7, 2014.
New Hubble infrared view of the Tarantula Nebula released on Jan. 9, 2014.
The sun emits a significant solar flare on Dec. 19, 2014 as seen from NASA’
s Solar Dynamics Observatory,
Astronaut Reid Wiseman tweeted this photo from the International Space
Station on July 3, 2014 "Hurricane #Arthur has grown an eye since we last
met."
The Elephant's Trunk Nebula, also known as IC 1396 on April 14, 2014.
The Holuhraun lava field as seen with infrared imaging captured by the
Operational Land Imager on Sept. 6, 2014,
Mars is seen in an image taken by the ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)
spacecraft released on Sept. 30, 2014.
The Russian Soyuz-FG rocket booster with Soyuz TMA-13M space ship carrying
the Expedition 40 crew to the International Space Station launches from the
Russian leased Baikonur cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on May 29, 2014.
Using the CIVA camera on Rosetta’s Philae lander the spacecraft snapped a
‘selfie’ with a passing comet in this photo released on Oct. 14, 2014.
Saturn was captured by the Cassini spacecraft cameras in this image released
on March 17, 2014.
A composite of separate exposures taken in 2003 to 2012 with Hubble's
Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3 of the evolving universe
is shown in this image released on June 3, 2014.
Astronaut Reid Wiseman tweeted this photo from the International Space
Station on July 1, 2014 "Here is a #TodaySunrise from space for @MLauer"
next
1 of 29
NASA's Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array's first picture of the sun
taken in high-energy X-rays released on Dec. 22, 2014. JPL-Caltech/GSFC/NASA
And similar to the nature of those other space agencies too is the professed
wish of the Chinese crews to work across national borders. “As an
astronaut, I have a strong desire to fly with astronauts from other
countries,” said Nie Haisheng, the Shenzhou 10 commander. “I also look
forward to going to the International Space Station. Space is a family
affair; many countries are developing their space programs and China, as a
big country, should make our own contributions in this field.”
But that contribution can’t happen aboard the ISS. The 2011 law draws a
sort of ex post facto justification from a study that was released in 2012
by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, warning that
China’s policymakers “view space power as one aspect of a broad
international competition in comprehensive national strength and science and
technology.” More darkly, there is the 2015 report prepared by the
University of California, San Diego’s Institute on Global Conflict and
Cooperation, ominously titled “China Dream, Space Dream“, which concludes:
“China’s efforts to use its space program to transform itself into a
military, economic, and technological power may come at the expense of U.S.
leadership and has serious implications for U.S. interests.”
OK, deep, cleansing breaths please. On the surface, the studies make a kind
of nervous, reflexive sense. China is big, China is assertive, China has
made clear its intentions to project its military power in ways it never has
before—including to the high ground of space.
But if that sounds familiar it’s because it’s an echo of the Cold War
hysteria that greeted the launch the Soviet Union’s Sputnik. The world’s
first satellite, Sputnik was a terrifying, beach ball sized object that
orbited the Earth from Oct. 1957 to January 1958, presenting the clear and
present danger that at some point it might beep at us as it flew overhead.
Every Soviet space feat that followed was one more log on the Cold War fire,
one more reason to conclude that we were in a mortal arms and technology
race and woe betide us if the guys on the other side got so much as a peek
at what we were doing.
That argument failed for a lot of reasons. For one thing, the Soviets hardly
needed a peek at our tech since they were the ones who were winning. When
you’re in first place in your division you don’t to steal ideas from the
guys in last. Something similar is true of the Chinese now.
After launching their first solo astronaut in 2003, they have followed in
rapid succession with two-person and then three-person crews, and have
mastered both spacewalking and orbital docking. They have orbited a core
module for their own eventual space station, have sent multiple spacecraft
to the moon and are planning a Mars rover. They didn’t do all that by
filching American tech.
The doubters are unappeased, however. Both these reports warn that all of
China’s technological know-how, no matter how they acquired it, has
multiple uses, and can be put to either good or nefarious ends, a fact that
is pretty much true of every, single technological innovation from fire
through the Apple Watch.
A Year in Space
On March 28, NASA astronaut Scott Kelly begins a historic year in Space.
Time follows Kelly and his twin brother, Mark, as they work the test the
boundaries of long-term space travel.
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Even if all of the fears were well-founded—even if a Chinese Death Star
were under construction at this moment in a mountain lair in Xinjiang—
forbidding the kind of international handshaking and cooperating that is
made possible by a facility like the ISS is precisely the wrong way to to go
about reducing the threat. The joint Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975 achieved
little of technological significance, but it was part of a broader thaw
between Moscow and Washington. That mattered, in the same way ping pong
diplomacy between the U.S. and China in 1971 was about nothing more than a
game—until it was suddenly about much more.
Well before the ISS was built and occupied, the shuttle was already flying
American crews to Russia’s Mir space station. Russia later became America’
s leading partner in operating and building the ISS—a shrewd American move
that both offloaded some of the cost of the station and provided work for
Russian missile engineers who found themselves idle after the Berlin Wall
fell and could easily have sold their services to nuclear nasties like North
Korea or Iran.
The technology aboard the ISS is not the kind that a Chinese astronaut with
ill will would want to or need to steal. And more to the point, if there’s
one thing the men and women who fly in space will tell you, it’s that once
they get there, terrestrial politics mean nothing at all—the sandbox
silliness of politicians who are not relying on the cooperation of a few
close crewmates to keep them alive and safe as they race through low Earth
orbit. From space, as astronauts like to say, you can’t see borders. It’s
a perspective the lawmakers in Washington could use.
【在 d*c 的大作中提到】
: 中国不肯参加国际合作
| f******o
发帖数: 2469 | 7 4. 中国空间站
当然必须把中国空间站列为重头戏！
世界航天，从伊始便把中国远远甩开，中国多次示好，甚至在天宫一号发射前两年依然
在谋求与国际空间站的合作，在欧盟和俄罗斯基本同意的情况下还是被美国以防止太空
技术“大规模扩散”为理由拒绝（而国际空间站已有近 30 个签约国，甚至包括马来西
亚、南非、哈萨克斯坦这种国家），这是赤裸裸的技术打压。
兔子逼急了也会咬人，一贯自力更生的中国航天人本就不愿寄人篱下，现在倒不如放开
手脚大干一场。从无到有，中国在极其有限的航天资金支持下（中国所有的航天经费估
计在 100 亿美元左右，甚至远远抵不过一架航天飞机的花费），一步一步发展到了今
天。而现在，我们在空间实验室建设方面，随着天宫二号的成功发射，正在取得快速瞩
目的进步。
在天宫二号退役之后，中国的空间站将会正式开建（大约 2020 年前后）。预计包括如
下几个舱段：
天和号核心舱
问天号实验一舱
梦天号实验二舱
巡天号太空望远镜
天舟号货运飞船
神舟号载人飞船
由于组合空间很大，他们将形成一个 60-180 吨级别的大型空间站。
中国将会形成一个长征五号（重型火箭，运载能力 25 吨，预计 2016 年 11 月在文昌
首次发射）、长征七号（中型火箭，运载能力 14 吨）和长征二 F（中型载人火箭，9
吨）搭配的空间站火箭发射体系，文昌（非载人）和酒泉（载人）配合的火箭发射场体
系，遍布全球的测控站、远望系列测控船和空间中继卫星配合的全天候监控通讯体系，
真正崛起为一个航天超级强国！
为什么需要世界范围内空间站建设发展在近些年逐渐加速，简单说两点：
1. 在近些年，随着火星探测、重返月球、太空资源开发再次成为焦点，而从空间站作
为起点或中继，将会大大节省从地球发射成本，也降低各种任务难度，科研价值和星际
殖民价值极大。一旦发现重大应用或者资源，拥有大型空间站的国家将占有重大优势！
2. 空间站技术带回的技术反馈和投资回报极高。以美国为例，可以说没有国际空间站
长达 18 年的存在，美国目前发展异常迅猛的一系列私营航天公司（诸如毕格罗太空科
技、Space-X 太空科技、蓝色起源、轨道进步太空科技）根本没有潜在的市场，而这些
私营公司的存在，又大大拓展了甚至直接垄断了有着无限潜力的世界航天市场，他们使
美国建立了一个政府 -NASA- 私营航天的垄断体系，在人类的太空时代已经占据了制高
点。崛起中的中国，必然不能错过这个千载难逢的机会，而空间站建设，便是带动整个
国家航天技术、甚至未来我国商业航天的最好方式。
所以到了 2020 年这个节点，将会形成各个国家、各个空间站彼此白热化竞争的局势。
相信当初洋洋得意的欧美航天强国，根本不会想到中国在短短 30 年内，便迅速赶上，
坐到了跟他们平起平坐、分庭抗敌的地步！
此时此刻，两位中国航天员景海鹏、陈冬正乘坐天宫二号翱翔在浩瀚的太空中，三十功
名尘与土，八千里路云和月，祝两位英雄圆满完成任务，凯旋归来！
向所有航天人致敬！ | s*******u
发帖数: 676 | 8 又来了。美国没有空间站，是俄罗斯的技术，美国出钱。等中国真的造出空间站，美国
一定会邀中国合作。
【在 f******o 的大作中提到】
: 美帝还是怕
: 美帝在苏联解体两年以后就邀请俄罗斯了
| f******o
发帖数: 2469 | 9 2024年以后 世界只有中国有空间站
【在 s*******u 的大作中提到】
: 又来了。美国没有空间站，是俄罗斯的技术，美国出钱。等中国真的造出空间站，美国
: 一定会邀中国合作。
|
|
