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发帖数: 7441 | 1 Iran Missile Milestones
http://www.iranwatch.org/wmd/wponac-missilemilestones.htm
Updated July 2011
1985: Then-speaker of the Iranian Majlis Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani leads
a high-level delegation to Libya, Syria, North Korea and China, reportedly
to acquire missiles.
1985: Iran receives its first Scud-Bs from Libya.
1987: China sells Iran "Silkworm" anti-ship cruise missiles.
1987: Iran reportedly receives approximately 100 Scud B missiles from North
Korea. Iran had allegedly agreed to finance North Korea’s longer-range
missile program in exchange for missile technology and the option to buy the
finished missiles.
1988: China agrees to provide Iran with equipment and know-how to develop
and test medium-range ballistic missiles.
1988: Iran successfully tests the 160-kilometer range Mushak-160 missile.
1990: China and Iran reportedly sign a 10-year agreement for scientific
cooperation and the transfer of military technology.
1991: Iran test-fires a ballistic missile identified by U.S. intelligence as
a North Korean Scud-C.
1991: Syrian chief of staff General Hikmat Shihabi reportedly visits Tehran
to discuss building a factory in Syria for joint development and production
of surface-to-surface missiles.
1992: The U.S. Department of State sanctions the Iranian Ministry of Defense
Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL) for engaging in "missile technology
proliferation activities" with North Korea.
1993: North Korea successfully tests the Nodong missile to a range of about
500 km.
1995: Iran receives four Scud Transporter Erector Launchers (TELs) from
North Korea.
1996: The State Department sanctions North Korea’s Changgwang Sinyong
Corporation and Iran’s Ministry of Defense Armed Forces Logistics and State
Purchasing Office for "missile technology proliferation activities."
1996: Iran test-fires a Chinese-built C-802 surface-to-surface cruise
missile.
1996: U.S. Rep. Benjamin Gilman (R-NY) states during a Congressional hearing
on China's military sales to Iran that U.S. intelligence believes China has
"delivered dozens, perhaps hundreds, of missile guidance systems and
computerized tools to Iran."
1996: The Washington Times reports that, according to a Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) report entitled "Arms Transfers to State Sponsors of Terrorism
," China has supplied Iran with missile technology including gyroscopes and
accelerometers as well as test equipment and components for an advanced
radar system.
November 1996: Iran reportedly fires, for the first time, a Chinese C-802
anti-ship missile from one of its 10 Chinese-built "Houdong" patrol boats.
June 1997: Iran reportedly tests two Chinese-built C-801K air-launched
cruise missiles from a vintage F-4 Phantom, marking the country’s first
successful test of an air-launched cruise missile.
September 1997: The Russian Scientific and Production Center Inor reportedly
agrees to supply Iran's Instrumentation Factories Plan with a high-strength
steel alloy and three types of alloy foil used to shield missile guidance
equipment.
December 1997: U.S. satellite reconnaissance reportedly picks up the heat
signature of a missile engine test at the Shahid Hemat Industrial Group
research facility, south of Tehran.
January 1998: According to the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI)
, an Iranian opposition group, Iran has completed development of the Shahab-
3 intermediate range missile and it is ready for production.
July 1998: Iran tests the Shahab-3 missile. According to Iranian sources,
the 16-meter long missile can carry a 1,000 kg payload 1,300 km. The missile
is believed to be single-stage, liquid-fueled, scaled-up version of North
Korea's Nodong missile.
July 1998: The State Department imposes sanctions on seven Russian entities
for engaging in "proliferation activities related to Iran’s missile
programs." Designated entities include Baltic State Technical University,
Europalace 2000, Glavkosmos, Grafit, INOR Scientific Enter, MOSO Company,
and Polyus Scientific Production Association.
September 1998: Iran publicly displays the Shahab-3 missile at a military
parade. Also on display are five air-to-air missiles, Chinese C-801 and C-
802 anti-ship missiles, and three Iranian-built, solid propellant surface-to
-surface missiles, including the Zelzal-2, the Nazeat, and the Shahin.
January 1999: The State Department imposes sanctions on Russia's D.
Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow Aviation
Institute (MAI), and The Scientific Research and Design Institute of Power
Technology for engaging in "proliferation activities related to Iran’s
nuclear and/or missile programs."
February 1999: Iran's defense minister Ali Shamkhani announces that the
Shahab-4 missile is in production not for military purposes, but for
launching a satellite. U.S. intelligence reportedly believes the missile is
derived from the 1950s-era Soviet SS-4 "Sandal" medium-range missile, which
had a maximum range of 2,000 km.
April 1999: Iran announces the successful test fire of the Sayyad-1, an
advanced anti-aircraft missile designed and manufactured by the Aerospace
Industries Organization.
August 1999: China reportedly agrees to help Iran upgrade its FL-10 anti-
ship cruise missiles.
October 1999: Iran reportedly sells Scud B and Scud C missiles to the
Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire). Iranian military officers and
technicians are on hand to help assemble the missiles.
November 1999: U.S. intelligence reportedly believes that North Korea
recently sold Iran 12 Nodong missile engines.
January 2000: Iran commissions three production lines at the Education and
Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense. They will allegedly help Iran
become self-sufficient in the production of HTPB resin, aluminum powder and
potassium chlorite – all of which are useful in the production of solid
rocket propellant.
February 2000: Iran reportedly tests a Shahab-3 missile equipped with a
North Korean engine. The missile was launched from a TEL at a Revolutionary
Guards airbase. Iranian sources say the missile has an inertial navigation
guidance system and a circular error probable (CEP) of approximately three
kilometers.
March 2000: Israeli and U.S. officials reportedly agree that Iran can deploy
the Shahab-3 missile.
March 2000: The Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-178) is signed
into law, authorizing sanctions against persons transferring to Iran
materials and technology capable of contributing to Iran’s cruise and
ballistic missile programs.
April 2000: The State Department imposes sanctions on Changgwang Sinyong, a
North Korean company, and Iran's Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces
Logistics, Aerospace Industries Organization, Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group
(SHIG) and SANAM Industrial Group for missile technology proliferation
activities.
July 2000: Iran successfully tests the Shahab-3 missile, according to
Iranian state media.
August 2000: In its report on worldwide proliferation, the CIA says Iran has
made considerable progress in the development of ballistic missiles, and
that entities in Russia, North Korea, and China continued to supply the
largest amount of ballistic missile-related goods, technology, and expertise
to Iran.
September 2000: Iran tests the Shahab-3 missile, but the missile reportedly
explodes shortly after launch.
May 2002: Iran tests the Shahab-3 missile. According to Iranian authorities,
the test is successful.
July 2002: Iran tests the Shahab-3 missile. The test is reportedly
unsuccessful.
September 2002: Iran claims to have successfully flight tested the Fateh 110
, a single-stage, solid-fueled missile, with at least a 200 kilometer range.
Iran's state media reports the inauguration of a facility to produce the
Fateh 110.
May 2003: The State Department imposes sanctions on two Moldovan companies,
Cuanta S.A., Computer and Communicatti SRL, on a Moldovan national, Mikhail
Pavlovich Vladov, and on Iran’s Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group for
contributing to missile programs in Iran.
July 2003: On July 20, a ceremony is held to mark the distribution of the
Shahab-3 to Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC). The ceremony
follows by several weeks what an Iranian foreign ministry spokesman calls
the "final test" of the Shahab-3 missile.
November 2003: Iran's defense ministry announces that Iran does not have any
program "to build the Shahab-4 missile."
November 2003: In its report to Congress on worldwide proliferation, the CIA
says that Iran's ballistic missile inventory is among the largest in the
Middle East and that entities in the former Soviet Union, North Korea, and
China have helped Iran progress in ballistic missile production.
January 2004: Iran begins production of the Raad (Thunder) cruise missile
and the DM-3b active-radar sensor for the Noor anti-ship missile.
May 2004: Iran says it has begun manufacturing a cruise missile called the
Kowsar (Kosar), an indigenous stealth anti-ship missile made by the
Aerospace Industries Organization. The missile is said to have three
variants: shore-launched, air-launched, and ship-launched.
August 2004: Iran announces the successful test of an upgraded Shahab-3
medium-range ballistic missile, which reportedly is longer than the original
version, with a larger fuel tank, and a "baby bottle-shaped" reentry
vehicle and an increased range.
September 2004: Iran displays a number of missiles during the Holy Defense
Week military parade, including the Zelzal, Nazeat, Shahab-2 and Shahab-3.
Reportedly, two Shahab-3 variants featuring a triconic warhead, and assessed
to have improved ranges of 1,500 km and 2,000 km, respectively, are
displayed.
October 2004: Iran claims that it has successfully tested a more accurate
version of the Shahab-3 missile.
December 2004: According to NCRI, the Aerospace Industries Organization of
Iran is developing several clandestine missiles, including the Ghadr, the
Shahab-4, and the Zelzal 2, and is working on nuclear and chemical warheads.
2005: North Korea allegedly supplies Iran with 18 missile assembly kits for
the BM-25 (or Musudan), a modified version of Russia’s SS-N-6. The SS-N-6
is single-stage, liquid-fueled, submarine missile with a range of 2,400 to 3
,000 km.
May 2005: Iran’s Defense Minister announces the test of a solid-fuel engine
for the Shahab-3, in an effort to increase the durability and range of the
missile.
June 2005: President George W. Bush issues Executive Order 13382 on Blocking
Property of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Proliferators and Their
Supporters. The order freezes the assets of specially designated
proliferators of WMD and WMD delivery systems, as well as members of their
support networks; four Iranian entities are designated under this Order
including Aerospace Industries Organization, Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group,
Shahid Bakeri Industrial Group, and the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran.
December 2005: According to NCRI, Iran is using underground facilities to
hide missile command and control centers and to build nuclear-capable
missiles.
March-April 2006: Iran holds "Holy Prophet" war games in the Persian Gulf,
involving the IRGC Naval Force and Iran’s regular naval and armed forces.
According to Iran, missiles tested include the Shahab-2, the Kowsar, the
sonar-evading Hoot (Hud, Hut) underwater missile, the surface-to-air Fajr-3,
and an upgraded Nour (Noor) cruise missile. Reportedly, the Nour (Noor) may
be a variant of the Chinese C-802, the Kowsar a variant of the Chinese C-
801, and the Hoot based on the Russian-developed Shkval rocket-powered
torpedo.
June 2006: The U.S. Department of the Treasury imposes financial sanctions
pursuant to Executive Order 13382 on four Chinese companies, Beijing Alite
Technologies Company Ltd. (ALCO), LIMMT Economic and Trade Company, Ltd.,
China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC), and China National Precision
Machinery Import/Export Corporation (CPMIEC), and on the U.S.-based CGWIC
representative, G.W. Aerospace, Inc., for supplying Iran with missile-
related and dual-use components.
July 2006: The Treasury Department imposes financial sanctions on Sanam
Industrial Group and Ya Mahdi Industries Group, pursuant to Executive Order
13382, for their ties to missile proliferation; both are Iranian companies
subordinate to Iran’s Aerospace Industries Organization.
August-September 2006: During Blow of Zolfaqar war games, Iran claims to
have successfully tested a radar-evading, ship-launched missile called the
Sagheb, and a new surface-to-surface missile called the Saeqeh. U.S.
military intelligence reportedly determines that the video of the Sagheb
test released by the Iranian government is actually of an earlier Chinese
missile test.
November 2006: Iran tests several missiles during IRGC-led "Great Prophet 2"
military maneuvers, including the Shahab-2, Shahab-3, Fateh-110, Zelzal,
and Scud-B. Iran claims the Shahab-3 was tested with cluster warheads and
achieved a range of approximately 1,900 km. Anti-ship missiles, including
the Noor, Kosar, and Nasr, are also reportedly tested.
December 2006: The U.N. Security Council adopts resolution 1737, imposing
sanctions to prevent the transfer to Iran of materials, as well as technical
or financial assistance, which might contribute to Iranian nuclear and
ballistic missile development. The resolution designates eight Iranian
entities involved in missile activities, for which financial resources are
to be frozen.
January 2007: The Treasury Department imposes financial sanctions on Bank
Sepah, a state-owned Iranian financial institution, pursuant to Executive
Order 13382. Bank Sepah is described by Treasury as "the financial linchpin
of Iran’s missile procurement network."
February 2007: Iran tests the Tor-M1 short-range air defense system provided
by Russia. The Tor-M1 system has a reported range of 12 km, which may be
increased to 20km. Iran’s IRCG Air Force Commander claims that the system
is capable of tracking 48 targets and engaging 8 targets using electro-optic
and infrared comprehensive systems.
February 2007: Iran claims to have tested a suborbital research rocket as
part of the country’s space program, which may include an effort to develop
an independent satellite launch capability. U.S. missile launch sensors
reportedly detect no such test.
March 2007: The U.N. Security Council adopts resolution 1747, imposing
further sanctions to prevent the transfer of arms and financial assistance
to Iran, and designating additional Iranian entities involved in ballistic
missile activities, for which financial resources must be frozen.
June 2007: The Treasury Department imposes financial sanctions on two
Iranian companies involved in missile work for Iran’s Aerospace Industries
Organization (AIO), which directs Iran’s missile program. Fajr Industries
Group is an AIO subordinate involved in the production of missile guidance
systems and Mizan Machine Manufacturing Group is an AIO front company
involved in procurement.
September 2007: Iran displays the "Ghadr" missile (also called Qadr-1)
during a military parade, claiming it to be an upgraded version of the
medium-range Shahab-3 with a range of 1,800 km. Experts say the Ghadr
appears identical to a Shahab-3 variant displayed in 2004. The Ghadr, along
with other missiles displayed during the military parade, including the
Shahab-3, the Fateh-110 and Zelzal-3, are in possession of the IRGC Air
Force.
November 2007: Iran says it has built a new missile, the "Ashura" (or
Ashoura), with a range of 2,000 km. Descriptions of the Ashura vary from a
multi-stage, solid-propellant missile to a missile that uses non-SCUD
technology. It is reportedly depicted in a U.S. Missile Defense Agency (MDA)
report as a stretched version of the liquid-propelled Shahab-3, fitted with
larger tail fins, and in an April 2008 Israeli report as a two-stage solid-
propellant missile with a triconic nose shape.
February 2008: Iran claims to have successfully launched its Kavoshgar 1
rocket into space. The launch was one of several aerospace projects unveiled
. Iran also inaugurates a space center with a satellite control and tracking
station and displays its "Omid" satellite. Iran claims that the Kavoshgar
is a two-stage rocket, that it reached an altitude of 200 km, and that it
successfully made contact with the ground station. Private analysts believe
that the Kavoshgar is a single-stage, liquid-fueled missile and that the
space center, located 230 km southeast of Tehran, has the potential to be
used in developing long-range missiles.
March 2008: The U.N. Security Council adopts resolution 1803, extending
travel restrictions and asset freezes to – and in some cases instituting a
travel ban on – additional Iranian entities, and barring Iran from buying
almost all nuclear and missile-related technology.
July 2008: Iran claims to have successfully test-fired a Shahab-3 missile
with a range of 2,000 km, as well as Zelzal and Fateh surface-to-surface
missiles, during "Great Prophet III" war games run by the IRGC in the
Persian Gulf.
August 2008: The Treasury Department imposes financial sanctions on two
Iranian firms, the Safety Equipment Procurement Company (SEP Co.) and Joza
Industrial Company, pursuant to Executive Order 13382, for their links to
procurement for Iran’s missile program.
August 2008: Iran launches the "Safir," a two-stage, liquid fueled rocket
based on the Shahab-3 missile, according to analysts. The rocket is about 22
meters long, with a diameter of 1.25 meters, and weighing over 26 tons.
According to Iran, the rocket is intended as a satellite launch vehicle.
Contrary to initial reports, however, the launch does not place a satellite
into orbit.
September 2008: The Treasury Department imposes financial sanctions on the
Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) and eighteen of its
subsidiaries, pursuant to Executive Order 13382, for facilitating shipments
of military cargo for MODAFL and its subordinate entities. MODAFL has
brokered transactions involving ballistic missile-related materials and
technologies.
September 2008: The Treasury Department sanctions six Iranian military firms
, pursuant to Executive Order 13382. Three of these firms, Iran Electronics
Industries, Shiraz Electronics Industries and Iran Communications Industries
, make communications equipment for Iran’s military. Iran Aircraft
Manufacturing Industrial Company (HESA) develops and produces unmanned
aerial vehicles and other military aircraft and its subsidiary Farasakht
Industries makes aerospace tools and equipment. These entities are owned or
controlled by MODAFL.
November 2008: Iran claims to have successfully tested the Sejjil (Sejil), a
two-stage, solid fuel, surface-to-surface missile with a range of nearly 2,
000 km. According to private analysts, the missile appears to be larger than
Iran’s Shahab-3, with a total length of about 22 meters, and share some
design features with Soviet-era ballistic missiles.
December 2008: Western intelligence sources reportedly state that in 2008
Iran more than tripled the number of operational Shahab-3 missiles, with
over 100 missiles now delivered to the IRGC.
February 2009: Iran successfully launches the "Omid" telecommunications and
research satellite into orbit, from Semnan province, using its own rocket,
the Safir 2. The rocket is 22 meters long, weighs 26 tons and has a diameter
of 1.25 meters, according to the head of Iran’s Space Agency. It is a two-
stage rocket that lofted the 27 kg Omid into low earth orbit at an altitude
of 250 km.
April - May 2009: Iranian officials are reportedly present when North Korea
launches a long-range rocket (Unha-2) in April and detonates a nuclear
device in May.
May 2009: Iran successfully test fires the Sejjil-2 missile from Semnan
province. Iranian authorities claim that this version of the missile has
improved sensors and that production of the missile has begun.
June 2009: Iran launches mass production of a ground-to-air missile defense
system, called Shahin, reportedly capable of tracing and targeting aircraft
within a range of about 40 km.
September 2009: IRGC holds Grand Prophet war games. Shahab-3, Sejjil, Shahab
-1 and 2, Fateh, Tondar, Zelzal, and various short-range missiles are test
fired. An Iranian news organization reports that the Sejil’s operational
range is 2,000 to 2,500 km.
December 2009: Iran successfully test-fires an upgraded version of the Sejil
-2 (Sijjil-2) missile. Defense Minister Ahmad Vahidi says that the new
version has a shorter launch time and great maneuverability.
February 2010: The International Atomic Energy Agency reports that Iran may
have conducted work related to the design of a nuclear warhead for a
ballistic missile, including missile re-entry body engineering and "
engineering design and computer modeling studies aimed at producing a new
design for the payload chamber of a missile."
February 2010: Iran launches the Kavoshgar-3 rocket into space carrying
living creatures. Iran also unveils a new space launch vehicle, the Simorgh-
3, and three new satellites.
March 2010: Iran reportedly begins the indigenous production of the Chinese-
designed Nasr-1 anti-ship missile. The Nasr-1, which can carry a 130 kg
warhead to a range of 38 km, is based on the Chinese C-704 missile.
March 2010: An analysis of satellite imagery by Jane’s Defence Weekly
reveals significant expansion of the launch facility at Iran’s Semnan space
center. The expansion, which is in progress, includes the construction of
two new launch and engine test pads as well as a number of support buildings
.
June 2010: The U.N. Security Council adopts resolution 1929, barring Iran
from procuring missiles, missile systems, and related spare parts as defined
by the U.N. Register of Conventional Arms, and barring countries from
providing Iran with training, servicing, or other maintenance related to
such missiles. The resolution also "decides" that Iran should not undertake
any activity related to nuclear-capable ballistic missiles, including
launches, and designates additional Iranian entities involved in ballistic
missile activities, for which financial resources must be frozen.
June 2010: Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 and U.N. Security Council
resolution 1929, the Treasury Department sanctions the Islamic Revolutionary
Guard Air Force and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Missile Command for their
ties to Iran’s ballistic missile programs.
August 2010: Iranian Defense Minister Brigadier General Ahmad Vahidi
announces the successful test launch of the liquid-fueled Qiam-1 missile.
Vahidi also announces the test of an upgraded Fateh-110 missile, which he
claims is more accurate and can travel farther than earlier versions of this
missile.
September 2010: An upgraded variant of the solid-fueled Fateh-110 missile is
allegedly delivered to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force.
September 2010: Aluminum powder that could be used to make solid propellant
for missiles is reportedly seized in Singapore, on a ship bound for Iran.
September 2010: The Treasury Department sanctions, pursuant to Executive
Order 13382, the German bank Europäisch-Iranische Handelsbank. Among
other activities, the bank, along with the Export Development Bank of Iran,
"enabled Iran's missile programs to purchase more than $3 million of
material."
October 2010: A missile with a nosecone similar to that of Iran’s Shahab-3
is displayed in a military parade in North Korea, leading some analysts to
cite it as evidence of Iran-North Korea technical cooperation on missile
development.
January 2011: Pursuant to Executive Order 13385, the Treasury Department
announces sanctions against Shahid Ahmad Kazemi Industries Group and M.
Babaie Industries. Both companies are linked to Iran’s Aerospace Industries
Organization and have been used to solicit foreign technologies for Iranian
ballistic missile program.
February 2011: Iran tests a supersonic anti-ship ballistic missile, called
the "Persian Gulf," which Iran claims can carry a 650 kg warhead to a range
of 300 km.
February 2011: Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 the Treasury Department
imposes sanctions on eleven entities in an illicit procurement network
supporting Iran’s Aerospace Industries Organization. Led by Milad Jafari,
the network used companies in Iran and Turkey to procure metal parts,
including steel and aluminum alloys, for Iran’s missile program.
May 2011: Iran begins mass production of the Qiam-1 ballistic missile and
delivery of the missile system to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
May 2011: According to a U.N. Panel of Experts report, Iran and North Korea
are suspected of exchanging ballistic missile technology, using regular
scheduled Air Koryo and Iran Air flights, in violation of sanctions on both
countries.
June 2011: Iran launches the Rasad satellite into space. The 15 kg satellite
is launched on the Safir rocket, which has two-stages, weighs 26 tons and
measures 22 meters in length, according to Iran.
June 2011: Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps fires fourteen missiles
as part of their "Great Prophet 6" exercises. The missiles include one
Shahab-3 missile, two Shahab-1 missiles, two Shahab-2 missiles, and nine
Zelzal missiles.
June 2011: An Iranian state television broadcast reveals underground missile
silos that Iran claims would make its missiles less vulnerable to attack
and allow for the launch of larger missiles. |
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