f**d
发帖数: 768 | 1 一些人认为，人们总是可以从失败中学到东西，但大脑的工作原理似乎并非如此。
美国一项最新研究认为，失败的经历几乎对大脑不起作用，脑细胞从成功的经验中
学到更多东西。
美国麻省理工学院的研究人员根据实验中动物脑细胞的不同反应得出以上结论。研
究人员创设了一种独特的“快照”系统，以反映脑细胞的学习过程，在提供正确和
错误行为的信息后，实时拍下单个脑细胞的反应。
研究人员在一份声明中说：“脑细胞可以记录近期的行为是否成功。当某一行为成
~~~~~~~~~~~
功时，脑细胞会针对所学内容进行更加微细的调整。而当失败发生时，脑部几乎没
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
有发生任何变化，行为也没有获得改善。”
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
这项研究成果刊登在美国《神经元》月刊上。（生物谷Bioon.com）
Neuron, Volume 63, Issue 2, 244-253, 30 July 2009 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.
2009.06.019
Learning Substrates in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum:
Sustained Activity Related to Successful Actions
Mark H. Histed1,2,4,,,Anitha Pasupathy1,2,3andEarl K. Miller1
1 The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and
Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
MA 02139, USA
2 These authors contributed equally to this work
3 Present address: Department of Biological Structure, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
4 Present address: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
Learning from experience requires knowing whether a past action resulted
in a desired outcome. The prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia are
thought to play key roles in such learning of arbitrary
stimulus-response associations. Previous studies have found neural
activity in these areas, similar to dopaminergic neurons' signals,
that transiently reflect whethera response is correct or incorrect.
However, it is unclear how this transient activity, which fades in under
a second, influences actions that occur much later. Here, we report
that single neurons in both areas show sustained, persistent
outcome-related responses. Moreover, single behavioral outcomes
influence future neural activity and behavior: behavioral responses
are more often correct and single neurons more accurately discriminate
between the possible responses when the previous response was correct.
These long-lasting signals about trial outcome provide a way to link one
action to the next and may allow reward signals to be combined over
time to implement successful learning. | a*******g
发帖数: 2813 | 2 这是鼓励性教育的原理么？
是不是这个原因，我们做错的题总是反复错，因为大脑不去记忆错题？ |
|
