h***a
发帖数: 312 | 1 http://www.aaemonline.org/gmopost.html
American academy of enviromental medicine
Genetically Modified Foods
According to the World Health Organization, Genetically Modified Organisms(
GMOs) are "organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in
such a way that does not occur naturally."1 This technology is also
referred to as "genetic engineering", "biotechnology" or "recombinant DNA
technology" and consists of randomly inserting genetic fragments of DNA from
one organism to another, usually from a different species. For example, an
artificial combination of genes that includes a gene to produce the
pesticide Cry1Ab protein (commonly known as Bt toxin), originally found in
Bacillus thuringiensis, is inserted in to the DNA of corn randomly. Both the
location of the transferred gene sequence in the corn DNA and the
consequences of the insertion differ with each insertion. The plant cells
that have taken up the inserted gene are then grown in a lab using tissue
culture and/or nutrient medium that allows them to develop into plants that
are used to grow GM food crops.2
Natural breeding processes have been safely utilized for the past several
thousand years. In contrast, "GE crop technology abrogates natural
reproductive processes, selection occurs at the single cell level, the
procedure is highly mutagenic and routinely breeches genera barriers, and
the technique has only been used commercially for 10 years."3
Despite these differences, safety assessment of GM foods has been based on
the idea of "substantial equivalence" such that "if a new food is found to
be substantially equivalent in composition and nutritional characteristics
to an existing food, it can be regarded as safe as the conventional food."4
However, several animal studies indicate serious health risks associated
with GM food consumption including infertility, immune dysregulation,
accelerated aging, dysregulation of genes associated with cholesterol
synthesis, insulin regulation, cell signaling, and protein formation, and
changes in the liver, kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal system.
There is more than a casual association between GM foods and adverse health
effects. There is causation as defined by Hill's Criteria in the areas of
strength of association, consistency, specificity, biological gradient, and
biological plausibility.5 The strength of association and consistency
between GM foods and disease is confirmed in several animal studies.2,6,7,8,
9,10,11
Specificity of the association of GM foods and specific disease processes is
also supported. Multiple animal studies show significant immune
dysregulation, including upregulation of cytokines associated with asthma,
allergy, and inflammation. 6,11 Animal studies also show altered structure
and function of the liver, including altered lipid and carbohydrate
metabolism as well as cellular changes that could lead to accelerated aging
and possibly lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 7,8,
10 Changes in the kidney, pancreas and spleen have also been documented. 6,8
,10 A recent 2008 study links GM corn with infertility, showing a
significant decrease in offspring over time and significantly lower litter
weight in mice fed GM corn.8 This study also found that over 400 genes were
found to be expressed differently in the mice fed GM corn. These are genes
known to control protein synthesis and modification, cell signaling,
cholesterol synthesis, and insulin regulation. Studies also show intestinal
damage in animals fed GM foods, including proliferative cell growth9 and
disruption of the intestinal immune system.6
Regarding biological gradient, one study, done by Kroghsbo, et al., has
shown that rats fed transgenic Bt rice trended to a dose related response
for Bt specific IgA. 11
Also, because of the mounting data, it is biologically plausible for
Genetically Modified Foods to cause adverse health effects in humans.
In spite of this risk, the biotechnology industry claims that GM foods can
feed the world through production of higher crop yields. However, a recent
report by the Union of Concerned Scientists reviewed 12 academic studies and
indicates otherwise: "The several thousand field trials over the last 20
years for genes aimed at increasing operational or intrinsic yield (of crops
) indicate a significant undertaking. Yet none of these field trials have
resulted in increased yield in commercialized major food/feed crops, with
the exception of Bt corn."12 However, it was further stated that this
increase is largely due to traditional breeding improvements.
Therefore, because GM foods pose a serious health risk in the areas of
toxicology, allergy and immune function, reproductive health, and metabolic,
physiologic and genetic health and are without benefit, the AAEM believes
that it is imperative to adopt the precautionary principle, which is one of
the main regulatory tools of the European Union environmental and health
policy and serves as a foundation for several international agreements.13
The most commonly used definition is from the 1992 Rio Declaration that
states: "In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach
shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where
there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific
certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective
measures to prevent environmental degradation."13
Another often used definition originated from an environmental meeting in
the United States in 1998 stating: "When an activity raises threats to the
environment or human health, precautionary measures should be taken, even if
some cause and effect relationships are not fully established
scientifically. In this context, the proponent of an activity, rather than
the public, should bear the burden of proof (of the safety of the activity).
"13
With the precautionary principle in mind, because GM foods have not been
properly tested for human consumption, and because there is ample evidence
of probable harm, the AAEM asks:
Physicians to educate their patients, the medical community, and the
public to avoid GM foods when possible and provide educational materials
concerning GM foods and health risks.
Physicians to consider the possible role of GM foods in the disease
processes of the patients they treat and to document any changes in patient
health when changing from GM food to non-GM food.
Our members, the medical community, and the independent scientific
community to gather case studies potentially related to GM food consumption
and health effects, begin epidemiological research to investigate the role
of GM foods on human health, and conduct safe methods of determining the
effect of GM foods on human health.
For a moratorium on GM food, implementation of immediate long term
independent safety testing, and labeling of GM foods, which is necessary for
the health and safety of consumers.
(This statement was reviewed and approved by the Executive Committee of the
American Academy of Environmental Medicine on May 8, 2009.)
Submitted by Amy Dean, D.O. and Jennifer Armstrong, M.D.
Bibliography: Genetically Modified Foods Position Paper AAEM
World Health Organization. (Internet).(2002). Foods derived from modern
technology: 20 questions on genetically modified foods. Available from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/index.php
Smith, JM. Genetic Roulette. Fairfield: Yes Books.2007. p.10
Freese W, Schubert D. Safety testing and regulation of genetically
engineered foods. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. Nov 2004.
21.
Society of Toxicology. The safety of genetically modified foods produced
through biotechnology. Toxicol. Sci. 2003; 71:2-8.
Hill, AB. The environment and disease: association or causation?
Proceeding of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965; 58:295-300.
Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, et al. Intestinal and peripheral immune
response to MON 810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. J Agric. Food
Chem. 2008; 56(23):11533-11539.
Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, et al. A long-term study on female
mice fed on a genetically modified soybean:effects on liver ageing.
Histochem Cell Biol. 2008; 130:967-977.
Velimirov A, Binter C, Zentek J. Biological effects of transgenic maize
NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice. Report-Federal
Ministry of Health, Family and Youth. 2008.
Ewen S, Pustzai A. Effects of diets containing genetically modified
potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine.Lancet.
354:1353-1354.
Kilic A, Aday M. A three generational study with genetically modified Bt
corn in rats: biochemical and histopathological investigation. Food Chem.
Toxicol. 2008; 46(3):1164-1170.
Kroghsbo S, Madsen C, Poulsen M, et al. Immunotoxicological studies of
genetically modified rice expression PHA-E lectin or Bt toxin in Wistar rats
. Toxicology. 2008; 245:24-34.
Gurain-Sherman,D. 2009. Failure to yield: evaluating the performance of
genetically engineered crops. Cambridge (MA): Union of Concerned Scientists.
Lofstedt R. The precautionary principle: risk, regulation and politics.
Merton College, Oxford. 2002. | C**********e
发帖数: 1608 | 2 有时候是没有选择吧。
我这两天想着COSTCO那些草莓水果。个都那么大。草莓巨大。孩子吃了。我也吃了。小
孩子还很喜欢吃。拉的大便都是红色的。怎么办呢。难不成我要高价5块钱一盒买有机
的？还有蓝莓。 | P***s
发帖数: 11672 | 3 你让我们吃玉米的咋活呢
【在 C**********e 的大作中提到】
: 有时候是没有选择吧。
: 我这两天想着COSTCO那些草莓水果。个都那么大。草莓巨大。孩子吃了。我也吃了。小
: 孩子还很喜欢吃。拉的大便都是红色的。怎么办呢。难不成我要高价5块钱一盒买有机
: 的？还有蓝莓。
| N****n
发帖数: 4179 | 4 那种草莓，我家这个就不吃。
有机草莓，我这里农夫市场8块钱3小盒
【在 C**********e 的大作中提到】
: 有时候是没有选择吧。
: 我这两天想着COSTCO那些草莓水果。个都那么大。草莓巨大。孩子吃了。我也吃了。小
: 孩子还很喜欢吃。拉的大便都是红色的。怎么办呢。难不成我要高价5块钱一盒买有机
: 的？还有蓝莓。
| b********t
发帖数: 5261 | 5 大不一定是gmo，也可能是人为选择的品种，和化肥的作用。
【在 C**********e 的大作中提到】
: 有时候是没有选择吧。
: 我这两天想着COSTCO那些草莓水果。个都那么大。草莓巨大。孩子吃了。我也吃了。小
: 孩子还很喜欢吃。拉的大便都是红色的。怎么办呢。难不成我要高价5块钱一盒买有机
: 的？还有蓝莓。
| P***s
发帖数: 11672 | 6 我倾向于什么化学物质。。。国内曾经买过黄瓜。回家放了几天以后，一端继续生长，
最后长成奇怪的形状。
【在 b********t 的大作中提到】
: 大不一定是gmo，也可能是人为选择的品种，和化肥的作用。
| C**********e
发帖数: 1608 | 7 路边所谓农场的也有。不方便。不如COSTCO尿布卫生纸矿泉水米面大扫荡的时候就一起
买了得方便。
关键是路边的就能保证不是GMO?
COSTCO的也太大太甜了。吃着不踏实。
【在 N****n 的大作中提到】
: 那种草莓，我家这个就不吃。
: 有机草莓，我这里农夫市场8块钱3小盒
| h***a
发帖数: 312 | 8 10 most common GMO foods
1. Soy
Up to 90% of soybeans in the market have been genetically modified to be
resistant to an herbicide called, RoundUp. This increased resistance to the
herbicide allows farmers to use more RoundUp to kill weeds. However, this
results not only in a genetically modified food product, but also a food
product loaded with more chemicals.
2. Corn
Half of the US farms growing corn to sell to the conglomerate, Monsanto, are
growing GMO corn. Most of this corn is going to be used for human
consumption. Genetically modified corn has been linked to health problems,
including weight gain and organ disruption.
3. Canola oil
Canola oil is derived from rapeseed oil. It is considered one of the most
chemically altered oils sold in the US.
4. Cotton
Even cotton has been genetically modified to increase yield and resistance
to disease. Most concern relates to the cotton oil which is a is a high-
value cooking or frying oil and is sometimes used to make margarine. Cotton
originating from India, and China, in particular, is considered higher risk
for personal health.
5. Milk
One fifth of the dairy cows in the United States have been given growth
hormones to help them grow faster and increase their yield. These hormones
can be found in some of the milk produced by these cows. These growth
hormones have been shown to act inside the human body.
6. Sugar
Genetically modified sugar beets were introduced to the US market in 2009.
These sugar beets are modified to resist Roundup, like corn.
7. Aspartame
Aspartame is an artificial sweetener used instead of sugar by many people.
There is some question concerning the the safety of aspartame in the body,
including its possible link to certain cancers. Aspartame is manufactured
from genetically modified bacteria.
8. Zucchini
Genetically modified zucchini contains a toxic protein that helps make it
more resistant to insects. This introduced insecticide, has recently been
found in human blood, including that of pregnant women and fetuses. This
indicates that some of the insecticide is making its way into our bodies
rather than being broken down and excreted.
9. Yellow squash
Yellow squash has also been modified with the toxic proteins to make it
insect resistant. This plant is very similar to zucchini, and both have also
been modified to resist viruses.
10. Papaya
Genetically modified papaya trees have been grown in Hawaii since 1999.
These Papayas are sold in the United States and Canada for human consumption
. These papayas have been modified to be naturally resistant to Papaya
Ringspot virus, and also to delay the maturity of the fruit. Delaying
maturity gives suppliers more time to ship the fruit to supermarkets.
These are just 10 of the most prevalent GMO foods found in the supermarket.
There are many others currently for sale and being grown for the market. If
you want to stay away from GMOs, always keep an eye out for a label that
indicates food is organic or non-GMO.
Canola oil is derived from rapeseed oil. It is considered one of the most
chemically altered oils sold in the US. | C**********e
发帖数: 1608 | | a******t
发帖数: 2944 | 10 costco前段时间在卖有机草莓。
【在 C**********e 的大作中提到】
: 有时候是没有选择吧。
: 我这两天想着COSTCO那些草莓水果。个都那么大。草莓巨大。孩子吃了。我也吃了。小
: 孩子还很喜欢吃。拉的大便都是红色的。怎么办呢。难不成我要高价5块钱一盒买有机
: 的？还有蓝莓。
| | | a******t
发帖数: 2944 | 11 超市卖有机玉米。。。
【在 P***s 的大作中提到】
: 你让我们吃玉米的咋活呢
| h***a
发帖数: 312 | 12 DINE OUT NON-GMO
information links
SG - Dine Out
If you have a favorite restaurant, and you eat there often, you should only
need to ask these questions once. It's helpful to have a knowledgeable
server or chef guide you through the menu to help you avoid GM foods. It’s
not too hard to identify the non-GMO options.
A good first question is, "What oil do you cook with?" If they use soy,
cottonseed, canola, or corn oils they are likely GM if they are not organic.
If so, ask if they have anything that is cooked without oil, or if olive
oil or some other oil can be used. If they say they cook in "vegetable oil"
or margarine, it will almost always be soy, cottonseed, canola, or corn oils
. If they have olive oil, be sure it's not a blend. Many restaurants blend
canola and olive.
Since most processed foods contain GM derivatives (corn and soy, for example
), ask what foods the chef prepares fresh, and choose those items. But check
if packaged sauces are used.
Try to avoid processed foods with the oils mentioned above, or with soy and
corn derivatives, including: soy flour, soy protein, soy lecithin, textured
vegetable protein, corn meal, corn syrup, dextrose, maltodextrin, fructose,
citric acid, and lactic acid.
Other potential sources of GM foods at restaurants include salad dressings,
bread, and mayonnaise, and sugar from GM sugar beets.
To avoid dairy products from cows treated with genetically modified rbGH, in
U.S. restaurants you will likely have to avoid menu items with dairy,
unless the restaurant uses organic products or buys from a dairy that is on
our list of those that avoid rbGH. Industrialized nations outside the U.S.
have not approved rbGH. Avoid the tabletop sweetener aspartame (NutraSweet&#
174; or Equal®), which is genetically modified.
Other Sources of GMOs
Most Hawaiian papayas are GM, as are small amount of zucchini and yellow
squash. Ordering these products are a gamble. Food additives, enzymes,
flavorings, and processing agents, including rennet used to make hard
cheeses, can be GM, are harder to avoid. It is also difficult to avoid meat,
eggs, and dairy products from animals that have eaten GM feed, unless the
restaurant uses organic, 100% grass-fed, or wild caught . Honey and bee
pollen may have GM sources of pollen.
Some of the Foods That May Contain GM Ingredients:
Infant formula, salad dressing, bread, cereal, hamburgers and hotdogs,
margarine, mayonnaise, cereals, crackers, cookies, chocolate, candy, fried
food, chips, veggie burgers, meat substitutes, ice cream, frozen yogurt,
tofu, tamari, soy sauce, soy cheese, tomato sauce, protein powder, baking
powder, alcohol, vanilla, powdered sugar, peanut butter, enriched flour and
pasta.
If you plan ahead, you can call or email the restaurant you plan to visit
and ask for a list that lets you know: Going through this process will not
only give you a superb list of healthy eating options, but informs the
restaurant that you prefer healthier non-GMO options when you dine out, a
win, win situation for everyone. | a******t
发帖数: 2944 | 13 顺便科普下，从2002年起有机标准不允许GMO，所以担心转基因的选择有机食品就没问
题了。 | h***a
发帖数: 312 | | N****n
发帖数: 4179 | 15 形状就不一样
【在 C**********e 的大作中提到】
: 路边所谓农场的也有。不方便。不如COSTCO尿布卫生纸矿泉水米面大扫荡的时候就一起
: 买了得方便。
: 关键是路边的就能保证不是GMO?
: COSTCO的也太大太甜了。吃着不踏实。
|
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