t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 1 [quote]
Engaging a specific part of the brain during mental math exercises is
connected with better emotional health, according to a new brain-scanning
study published by Duke researchers in the journal Clinical Psychological
Science.
... ...
Memory-based math problems stimulate a region of the brain called the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which has already been linked to depression
and anxiety. Studies have found, for example, that higher activity in this
area is associated with fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression.
... ...
Greater activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also was associated
with fewer depression and anxiety symptoms. The difference was especially
obvious in people who had been through recent life stressors, such as
failing a class. Participants with higher dorsolateral prefrontal activity
were also less likely to have a mental illness diagnosis.
[/quote] |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 2 COULD MENTAL HEALTH BOOST EMOTIONAL HEALTH?
New study could inform brain training for better mental health
http://today.duke.edu/2016/10/could-mental-health-boost-emotional-health |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 3 当然解释一下，这里说的 mental math / memory-based math，是指 working memory
based，而不是 “推妈心算AIME之七千二百计招招制敌” 这种 “死机硬背型 long-
term memory based” 的。
What Is the Definition of Mental Math?
How This Kind of Math Benefits School-Aged Children
http://www.verywell.com/what-is-mental-math-620915 |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 4 [quote]
Primary functions
DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) is known for its involvement in the
executive functions, which is an umbrella term for the management of
cognitive processes,[12] including working memory, cognitive flexibility,[13
] and planning.[14]
[/quote]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex#Primary_functions |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 5 [quote]
Secondary functions[edit]
The DLPFC may also be involved in the act of deception and lying,[27] which
is thought to inhibit normal tendency to truth telling. Research also
suggests that using TMS on the DLPFC can impede a person's ability to lie or
to tell the truth.[28]
Additionally, supporting evidence suggests that the DLPFC may also play a
role in conflict-induced behavioral adjustment, for instance when an
individual decides what to do when faced with conflicting rules.[29]
... ...
DLPFC may also be associated with human intelligence. However, even when
correlations are found between the DLPFC and human intelligence, that does
not mean that all human intelligence is a function of the DLPFC. In other
words, this region may be attributed to general intelligence on a broader
scale as well as very specific roles, but not all roles.
... ...
The DLPFC may also be involved in threat-induced anxiety.[32]
... ...
Social cognition[edit]
Among the prefrontal lobes, the DLPFC seems to be the one that has the least
direct influence on social behavior, yet it does seem to give clarity and
organization to social cognition.[9] The DLPFC seems to contribute to social
functions through the operation of its main speciality the executive
functions, for instance when handling complex social situations.[9] Social
areas in which the role of the DLPFC is investigated are, amongst others,
social perspective taking[7] and inferring the intentions of other people,[7
] or theory of mind;[9] the suppression of selfish behavior,[7][33] and
commitment in a relationship.[34]
[/quote]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex#Secondary_functions |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 6 [quote]
Schizophrenia[edit]
Schizophrenia may be partially attributed to a lack in activity in the
frontal lobe.[16] The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is especially under
active when a person suffers from chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is
also related to lack of dopamine neurotransmitter in the frontal lobe.[16] .
.. ...
Depression[edit]
Along with regions of the brains such as the limbic system, the dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex deals heavily with major depressive disorder (MDD). The
DLPFC may contribute to depression due to being involved with the disorder
on an emotional level during the suppression stage.[37]... ...
Stress[edit]
Exposure to severe stress may also be linked to damage in the DLPFC.[39]
More specifically, acute stress has a negative impact on the higher
cognitive function known as working memory (WM), which is also traced to be
a function of the DLPFC.[39] In an experiment, researchers used functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to record the neural activity in healthy
individuals who participated in tasks while in a stressful environment.[39]
When stress successfully impacted the subjects, their neural activity showed
reduced working memory related activity in the DLPFC.[39] These findings
not only demonstrate the importance of the DLPFC region in relation to
stress, but they also suggest that the DLPFC may play a role in other
psychiatric disorders. ... ...
[/quote]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex#Clinical_significance |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 7 实话实说，现代原始医学，在现阶段，要给出个定论，还是很难的。
但总体上而言，一个正常良好自然放松的教育，在传授技能的同时，能够潜移默化的促
进心理和精神健康。而一个过于功利心切的 “老实大量读经，背错一个字就电击三小
时” 的教育，是反其道而行之。在这点大方向上应该没有疑问。 |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 8 我觉得首贴这个有可能 make sense。比如那隔壁楼的拉灯问题求通解作为例子。
如果用 power set 这种 propositional logic on sets，这样的话 brain task 看起
来主要就是靠 phonological thinking，而并不 activate spatial-temporal-
topological thinking。而这样的话，因为超过 "the magic # 7"，导致基本必须笔算
。而这种情况下，因为 brain 只用一块功能，dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 也用
不上。
（logician 那种九九集合逻辑表背得滚瓜烂熟，可以依靠 long-term memory 笔算的
另说，当然可能对心理健康可能没啥帮助）。
但如果用 “在每个灯泡上画点，然后每个灯泡上两两连成多边形，然后数多边形，考
虑独立自主和寄人篱下，再加组合公式，这种把问题给 map 成 spatial-temporal-
topological 问题，然后 recurse down” 的办法，这是需要更多的时间，而且依赖于
algebraic wishful thinking 不能保证每次都 wishful 出来。。。但好处是确实把
整个问题形成一个 global picture / mental picture，有 global view 的情况下，
整个儿装在大脑里心算。。。而这样的话，大脑需要同时协调 phonological thinking
(组合公式，LCM 公式，整数除法公式）和 spatial-temporal-topological thinking
（mental picture 里蹦蹦跳跳画点连线，mental picture 里观察多边形结构，mental
picture 里观察类似形状拓扑结构的重复出现 pattern，等等），就需要强大的
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 不断切换进程，以及在进程之间 tar-in tar-out，
也就是俗话说的 “在大脑功能块级别上的按需动态实时做 inhibitory vs excitatory
的调整”，这基本就是 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex（或者其他的 prefrontal
cortex）的本职工作。。。相当于心肺大腿屁股肌肉小脑同时协调训练。。。 |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 9 我觉得还有一个，可能医学都没有大脑定位的，prototype-thinking 和 exemplar-
thinking 之间的桥梁。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplar_theory
对于通解题而言，最终结果是需要 prototype-thinking 的，而且因为这通解题并不是
要证明组合公式和 LCM 公式、整数除法公式，所以有争议的说，在 phonological
thinking 方面，都是 prototype-thinking。
但是在灯泡上画点连多边形的 spatial-temporal-topological 的 mental picture 上
，不可能用 prototype-thinking，所以有争议的说，spatial-temporal-topological
thinking 是 exemplar-thinking。
但是 prototype-thinking 和 exemplar-thinking 之间，不是可以简单 tar-in tar-
out 的。。。咋确信 exemplar 能成为 prototype，咋确信 prototype 在 applying
的时候不会出现 exception，等等等等。。。但我觉得 bottom line 是，如果存在大
脑第三个功能区在 prototype vs exemplar 之间 translate / connect 的话，那还是
必须要靠 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 来动态调整 inhibitory vs excitatory
。。。否则的话，某个 exemplar 刚跳出来的时候，大脑就去迫不及待地严格验证
prototype，algebraic wishful thinking 肯定玩不转的。这一定得上 Stanford
Marshmallow 之 delayed gratification 才行。。。
【在 t******l 的大作中提到】
: 我觉得首贴这个有可能 make sense。比如那隔壁楼的拉灯问题求通解作为例子。
: 如果用 power set 这种 propositional logic on sets，这样的话 brain task 看起
: 来主要就是靠 phonological thinking，而并不 activate spatial-temporal-
: topological thinking。而这样的话，因为超过 "the magic # 7"，导致基本必须笔算
: 。而这种情况下，因为 brain 只用一块功能，dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 也用
: 不上。
: （logician 那种九九集合逻辑表背得滚瓜烂熟，可以依靠 long-term memory 笔算的
: 另说，当然可能对心理健康可能没啥帮助）。
: 但如果用 “在每个灯泡上画点，然后每个灯泡上两两连成多边形，然后数多边形，考
: 虑独立自主和寄人篱下，再加组合公式，这种把问题给 map 成 spatial-temporal-
|
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 10 其实我觉得这个可能可以解释 Piaget 的 formal operation。
我个人觉得 Piaget 的 formal operation 在年龄阶段前后次序上都很对头。但我觉得
唯一可能的缺憾就是，概念上太注重 rule-based thinking。
而这带来两个大问号。
一个大问号就是为啥 rule-based thinking 要依赖于之前的 object-permanence 以及
conservation。马工说，这就一个 regex 不就解决问题了么？
另一个大问号就是，就一 rule-based thinking 为啥要等到 11 岁，这个感觉上违背
现代 neurological 对大脑功能分区发育阶段的常理。
：我觉得还有一个，可能医学都没有大脑定位的，prototype-thinking 和 exemplar-
：thinking 之间的桥梁。 |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 11 但如果不要把 Formal Operation 看成单一的 rule-based thinking，而是看成
prototype (phonological) thinking and exemplar (spatial-temporal-topological
) thinking, in a coordinated and complex fashion，这样可能就能避免前面的悖论
了。
首先，prototype 和 exemplar 都需要基于之前的 object-permanence 和
conservation。
更重要的是，对于普通娃而言，因为要 in coordinated fashion，所以必须要
prefrontal cortex 发育到足够成熟可以 coordinates sub-function。而
neurological 上，prefrontal cortex 发育需要很长时间，是大脑发育最需要时间的
部分。而这就能解释为啥是 11 岁这么晚（普通娃而言）。
这打个比方就是，小小娃摸爬滚打都行了，但小脑还没发育到位的时候，站不起来，更
没法走路。而原因并不是摸爬滚打这些 sub-function 没发育到位，而是负责
coordinate 的小脑没有发育到位。
：其实我觉得这个可能可以解释 Piaget 的 formal operation。 |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 12 当然急吼吼的推妈们估计要问，那我们一针禾大壮进去让 prefrontal cortex 加速成
熟行不行？
这个如果还是拿小脑打比方的话，小脑不是单单为协调走路而设计的，啥将来的网球足
球游泳体操舞蹈滑冰三截棍，都归小脑协调，所以这个真货禾大壮不搞歪的，比较难找
。。。而
prefrontal cortex 也是类似，不仅仅管 problem solving，还管 schizophrenia /
bipolar disorder / 男默女泪 depression / theory of mind Sally-Anne 不得不说
的故事 等等等等，都归 prefrontal cortex 来协调，所以真货禾大壮不长歪的那种，
也很难找。。。
： |
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 13 所以总结就是，中小学教育作为娃娃发育阶段的教育，本质上首先都是体育课，各门课
的区别也就是 肉体体育课 vs 神经体育课 vs 精神体育课 vs 心理体育课。
当然另一方面，技工能力也是需要培养的。只要别过犹不及，技工能力本质上跟体锻达
标并不矛盾，而最终达到灵与肉的完美融合。 |
