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发帖数: 16 | 1 Discussing The Existence of “repulsion particle” And Its Significance
Zhuang Yiliong
Shanghai Institute of Science and Technology Management
Abstract:This report has advanced a assume about the existence of “
repellention” by a kind of new idea. Beginning with this, I have explained
more successfully some import theory questions in the area of the present
physics, cosmology and philosophy ect. At same time a few of new reasons
have been raised But this is only rough idea of physical philosophy. many
key details need to be answered by the improving science in the future.
Key words: repulsion particle, the velocity of light, red shift, cosmos
background.
While the researched object of physics are increasingly getting its
limit observed through the instrument, the function in the research of
academic ideas are more important. In this article, only assumes the
existence of a new particle, so it seems possible for many difficulty of
physics and cosmology to be resulted. Maybe the key to unlock the door of
advancing access of physics lies not in the building of physics, but in the
palace of philosophy.
One、Grounds of advancing the existence of “repulsion particle”
Philosophic puzzles: gravity and repulsion, this is a pair of antiquated
contradiction, theory of physics is a philosophic lame. Angels said that
the true theory of matter should give the equal status to gravity and
repulsion, the theory of matter only based on gravity is wrong,
insufficiency and unilateral. Newton needed to find the first driving force
for his physics, or else the world can’t act .
There is contradiction between Newton’s law of universal gravitation and
Einstein’s mass-velocity expression. In the law universal gravitation, the
magnitude of gravitation is direct proportional to mass of the matter, the
bigger the mass is, the stronger the gravity is; while in the mass-velocity
expression, with the speed of the matter increasing, the mass will add. If
the “mass” of the two law is the same, then the speed of matter will
increase, and the gravity will be stronger, the matter will be drawn too
tighten to move by the gravity. But in fact, it’s just opposition, the
shotted cannonball is incline to break loose the gravitation, provided that
the speed is high enough, it is able to fly off the orbit of the earth, even
the solar system. This shows that the mass of adding with the speed
increasing is different with that works on the gravitation, because it
manifest obviously a kind of repulsion confronting the gravitation. So that
, the two characteristics (speed increases, gravitation reduces; speed
reduces, gravitation increases.) out while the state of moving matter
changes .it is right to reflect the invert process between gravity and
repulsion inside the moving matter , and indicate the existence of
difference idiocratic mass.
Newton believed: falling of an apple is because of the function of
gravitation, then, we can question in the opposition, how can the apple get
to the top of the tree? If we block out all of the complicated growing
process of all tree with black-box theory, and only consider the beginning
and the ending state, then, in the opinion of physics, there must be a kind
of universal repulsion fighting back the gravitation working on the apple
and pushing it to the high place. Therefor, the universal repulsion should
exist everywhere, as well as the universal gravitation.
What is the essence of “force”? This question has been disputing for
hundreds of years, and it’s still not clear today. Newton said that it is
the measurement of the acceleration of moving matter. But this only
describes the force, not explains the essential mechanism. So, in Newton
mechanics, the mass of the moving matter is unchangeable. Einstein brought
out the character that the mass of matter is changed with the speed. He
thought the activity of matter is result from getting energy, while energy
can agglomerate matter, and this character of this matter is the same as the
original matter, so can be added, resulting that the mass of matter may
trend to infinite with the speed increasing. If we can import a kind of
repulsion to explain it, and give the energy a carrier of practicality, then
, the relation of movement and the “force” will be more clear.
The radiant energy is always multiple of some elementary unit, what on earth
is the physical meaning of Plank quantum constants? If it can be seen as a
material particle, and indicate the existence of repulsion particle? Ray
radiation has the two character of wave and particle itself. As to E=h*v,
Plank regarded the radiant energy as constant h multiply frequency v from
the site of wave theory; if, from the point of particle theory, we can
regard it as the h combination of v quantum (certainly their dimension
should be changed). That is to say, great influence in physics will occur,
if we regard the Plank quantum as a kind of material particle with the
quality of repulsion.
Velocity of light is limit and unchangeable, it’s an assume in the special
theory of relativity, after importing repulsion particle, the assume turns
into detrusable conclusion. This indicate expressional relativistic effect
of moving matter can conclude from many physical theory, and special theory
of relativity is not the exclusive theory which can conclude relativistic
effect.
Two、 Supposition and deduction of repulsion particle
We suppose:
A kind of repulsion particle that has the repulsive characteristic
exists.
The change of an object’s movement state is the result of it
attracting or releasing repulsion particles.
In the classical mechanics, whenV<
kinetic energy of moving objects is
.
When m is a variable, with the method of area equal acceleration
limitation, the kinetic energy expression is still the type of
.
Now according to the supposition, the object will attract
repulsionparticles when it moves with acceleration. Its speed achieves V1
fromV0.
We suppose the mass of each repulsion particle is @ and the energy is
h0 (Eventually we will see it is just h, the Plank quantum. The supposition
of repulsion particle treats the Plank quantum as an entity particle.)
When the object attracts n repulsion particles, its mass increasement is△ｍ
＝ｎ@. So. m t＝m 0＋△ｍAnd its kinetic energy increasement is △Ｅ＝ｎh 0
Conservation of mass: m t－m 0＝ｎ@
Conservation of enerty: m tｖ2t／2－m 0ｖ20／2＝ｎh 0
We can be got:
We adopt V0＝0 and conclude:
( 1.0 )
In the expression A=h/@ is the ratio of its energy to its mass and it is a
constant, called mass-energy constant which means the ratio of the mass
increasement to the energy increasement when an object changes its movement
state. As long as the experiment achieves enough accuracy, the constant
can be determined by experiment. It is also can be deduced from the
supposition of repulsion particle. Because the object will attract repulsion
particles when it accelerates and the repulsive energy of the attracted
repulsion particles will balance the object’s internal gravitational energy
, the limitation of the mass of the repulsion particles that an object can
attract only can equal to its static gravitational mass. At this moment the
object has no gravitation constant. Its speed also achieves its maximal
limitation, velocity of light. And its mass is actual double its static mass.
That is: Vt →C m t =2 m 0. Applicate it in (1.0), A＝C 2will be
deduced. Then we will attain an importment expression and that is:
(1 .1)
Conclusion1 the mass-velocity relation (1 .1),
Compare it with Einstein’s mass-velocity ralation expression
.
The two expression cans be turned into series.
The difference turns out afterV2/C2. WhenV< C/2, the two expressions
are well similar. When Vt →C , the first expression will converge on m t =2
m 0, while the second expression will diverge to the infinity.
The series turned from relation (1.1) changing singlely, four mass-
energy relations beyond can also be concluded.
So, we can draw a conclusion accroding to the supposition of repulsion
particle. When an object moves at velocity of light, its mass will be double
its static mass. In other words, an object will attain the velocity of
light when the repulsive energy of the attracted repulsion particles equals
to the object’s internal gravitational energy or in another word when all
the repulsive mass equals to all the attractive mass. The photon is just a
moving particle that its internal gravitational enerty equals to its
repulsive energy.
We can see from above that a common particle will turn into a photon at
velocity of light when it attracts enough repulsion particles. Conversely, a
photon will slow down to decay into a common particle when it releases a
part of repulsion particles. But an object attracting repulsion particles
depends on its internal gravitational energy. With its moving speed tending
to the velocity of light, its internal gravitational energh tends to zero,
so its ability of attracting repulsion particles becomes weaker and weaker
and to continue accerating becomes harder and harder. But it not means the
object’s mass will increase to infinity. Maybe someone will contradict, how
to explain the disagreement between the conclusion that the mass of an
moving object equals to 2m0 when its speed tends to the velocity of light
with the experiment data. In fact, the problen occurs not because of the
experiment itself but because of the method of experiment. Generally we can
measure a particle’s mass directly. We first measure its specific charge by
the orbit of the particle with high velocity passing through the cloud
chambor and then calculate the object’s mass according to its specific
charge indirectly. During the process, the electric charge value is
considered as a constant and it results in the error. Because the electric
charge value being a constant is just a belief and it has not been proved
strictly. In the early experiment how Millikan measured the electric charge
value, the electric charge was in a relative static state. But when it moves
with a high velocity, nobody has proved whether its value changes or not.
While according to the supposition of repulsion particle, the electric
charge value will decrease with the increasement of the electron’s moving
speed. When its speed tends to the velocity of light, its charge value will
decrease to zero and it will turn into a photon at this moment. We can
deduce the relation between the electric charge value and its speed from the
supposition of repu2lsion particle.
The deductive process of this problen is too long. There is another
special article on it (the electric charge changes according to its speed)
and its conclusion is quoted here.
If the factor that the electric charge changes according to its speed is
considered, the experiment’s result will support the view that when an
object moves at velocity of light, its mass will be double its static mass.
Additionally, it needs special attention that the change of object’s
mass and energy is only related toV2. Here the square speed only has the
means of value while no the means of direction. We can call it the scalar
speed. The velocity of light is just a scalar speed.
Three、 The Usage of Mass Ruler
According to the two hypothesis of the repulsion particle theory , we can
draw a mass ruler .It is very useful for us
to understand the relation between the mass and the speed of a certain
substance.
In most substance , gravition particle are much more than repulsion
particle , so the substance show
universal gravition to the outside.
Fig 1 V=V0=0
Substance are consist of gravition particle and repulsion particle (
Their mass are not equal , and the mass of
gravition particle are variable). Generally speaking , gravition energy are
much greater than repulsion energy in
a certain substance ,so the substance show universal gravition.
○○○
●●●|●●●●●●●●●●●●
●---gravition particle , ○---repulsion particle
mg---- gravition particle mass , mr----- repulsion particle mass
gravition particle mass : mg=mo=12 mass unit
in relation of rest refernce system : V0 = 0 , △m= 0
inertial mass : mo=12 mass unit
After absorbing in 3 repulsion particle ○○○,the speed of the substance
is Vt.
Fig 2 V=Vt
○○○ ○○○
●●●|●●●●●●●●●●●●
●---gravition particle , ○---repulsion particle
gravition particle mass : mg=9 mass unit
total mass : m=15 mass unit
inertial mass : mo=12 mass unit
repulsion particle mass:△m= 3 mass unit
When the substance absorbs in certain repulsion particles whose mass is△m
,the energy of this repulsion particles reduces
the energy of gravition particles in the substance by equal amount .So the
balance is broken. In order to keep a new balance,
the particle is moving towards a new balanced spot . If the moving is
hidered , the substance gives out the repulsion particles
again.
So the speed and total mass increase, but the relative repulsion particle
mass and gravition decrease . when a certain
substance absorbs in repulsion particles equal to gravition particles in it
, it’s speed reachs velocity of light
Fig 3 V=C
○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○
●●●|●●●●●●●●●●●●
●---gravition particle , ○---repulsion particle
gravition particle mass : mg=0
total mass : m=24 mass unit
inertial mass : mo=12 mass unit
repulsion particle mass:△m= 12 mass unit
The speed of the substance is decided by the energy of repulsion particle
it absorbs in ,and the energy speed is non-oriental
here . When the energy of repulsion particle that substance absorbs in are
equal to the gravition particle energy , the speed
of the substance reaches ultimate--- velocity of light .The substance moving
by velocity of light all have the feature that
its energy of repulsion particle are equal to the gravition particle energy.
So all the velocity of light are equal , velocity of light adding to
velocity of light are velocity of light , and velocity of light adding to
any other speed are velocity of light .
The photon emitted in any state of a certain substance has the feature that
its energy of repulsion particle are equal to the gravition particle energy
the moment it is just emitted .So velocity of light is a constant if we
regard the surface of earthas reference system (about 30 million km/s) .If
we regard other objects as reference system , velocity of light is also
aconstant, but the figure is not 30 million km/s any longer . That is to say
, velocity of light has no relation with the movingstate and orientation of
a illuminant , it is decided by the moving state of the reference system.
Conclusion 2 :
Velocity of light is ultimate speed, and the gravition mass of a particle
moving in velocity of light is 0.
Velocity of light is a kind of scalar speed which is equal in all direction .
Velocity of light adding to any other speed also equals to velocity of light.
Velocity of light is equal in one reference system. It has no relation with
the moving state and orientation of a illuminant .
Velocity of light varies when we use different reference system.
Suppose velocity of light is C regarding the surface of the earth as
reference system , and C1 in the reference system moving
in the speed of V,
Because
So
In the reference system moving in the speed of C, C1=0. Speed is a mixture
of space and time . This indicates the phenomenon
of ‘space compression’ and ‘time delay’.
Four、Four sorts of substance mass concepts
conclusion 3: kinetic object has four sorts of adversitively meaning
masses which repectively correspond different physical law.
In physics on base of gravity, object mass is constant. Though mass-
velocity formula finds that mass is mutable with kinetic state, it regards
excess mass of object as the same propriety as original mass of object. So
they can simply plus and thus mass become increasingly large. When v→c ,
object mass is infinite. In atom phisics, the formula results in “
divergendce” of particle energy. So we have to renewedly define rest mass
of particle with renormalization. So indiscrimination between exclusion mass
and gravitation mass is the same absurd as indiscrimination between
positive number and negtive number. And because of regarding energy as
locomotion withou material carrier, we cannot explain how kinetic energy is
convert into gravitational mass and so we have to assume that material is
cohesion of mass.
The change of kinetic state of object need absorb and discharge
repulsion. We analyse with illusion1、2、3 and can find that object in
kinetic state can represent four sorts of different masses.
Gravitational mass mg :gravitational energy inside object surpasses mass of
repulsion energy of repulsion particle, which is reason that object has
gravitation outwards. Corresponding gravitational energy is mgc2 and
gravitational mass deceases with momentum increasing(In fact this does not
appear). Interior gravitational energy of kinetic object in velocity of
light is neutralized by repulsion energy of replusion particl , so that
gravitational mass of photon is null.
Relation between gravitational mass and velocity :
mg=m0(1-v2/(2c2-v2))
Corresponding law of universal gravitation:
F =g(Mg*mg)/rr
Because gravitational mass of object varies with kinetic state,
gravition between objects varies
with distance as well as kinetic state of object .
interial mass m0:It is related with interial attribute. Mass that we
conventionally mean realy is when earthsurface is regarded as refernce
system. When object locomotes ,interial mass m0 will not change provided
that reference does not change .
Cosquently , mg=m0 during v=0 and mg0 and mg
.
Newton second law which m0 corresponds: F=m0a
energy mass △m = n@: It is mass of n repulsion particles which object
absorts or discharges when kinetic state changes. Because corresponding
energy is △mc2=nh0, we call △m = n@ as energy mass.
Mass-velocity formula which energy mass △m:
△mc2=nh0=E (kinetic energy)
total mass mt: In the precess of locomotion object has interial mass m0 in
relation of certain refernce system and mass △m of repulsion particel
absorbed. If the core of earth is refernce system ,mt really accouts to
material total quantity. So we find that total mass and total quantity are
different. Total mass is relative quantity and Total quantity is absolute
quantity.
mass-velocity formula which total mass corresponds:
Distingushing four sorts of adversitively meaning masses of kinetic object
is an important conclusion which
repulsion particel theory, Which reprents that physical convertable
phenomena all have reson of material finally. Material is carrier of materia
action. The change of energy must result from the change of material mass
which makes up of object. Repulsion particel hypothesis theory thinks
gravitation and repulsion the same important then the conventional phisics
thinks gravitation and repulsion extreme disrelation.
In addtioin, what we talk about above is kinetic conversion of object
whose interior gravitation is more than repulsion and they all have
universal constant. Then with the antimatters whose interior repulsion is
more than gravitation (It can produce through superenergy particle collision
or dividing of photon),they generally is unconstant. Their kinetic state
change is reverse with the general object: Interial mass is repulsion mass
substrates gravitation mass and they discharge repulsion particles. The
limit of kinetic velocity of repulsion particle also is velocity of light
and it also need balance state between interior gravitation energy and
repulsion energy. Therefore, velocity which is super to velocity of light
does not exit.
Five、 The relation between Plank’s quantum and the repulsion particles .
When Plank researched the black body radiation ,he noticed that the
relation between
the classical physics’ energy density and the frequency were as follows:
the relation consisted with the result of the expriment under one of the
high freguency and the low freguency.
Plank made a decisive supposition: the Energy E didn’t change countiously
,but changed with a minmum number’s multiplication (E= h*υ) . the
supposition explained the “ultrared disaster” and “ultraviolet disaster”
in which the black body radiation was distributed .in fact the Plank’s
supposition had connected the existence of the repulsion partticle, but at
the moment the theory of vibration of light controled the whole physics .
under the effection of the lights wave theory ,he divided the dimension of E
into the multiplication of the dimension of h and the dimension ofυ,so
made an easy things complexed .so, the dimension of h was turned into erge
second, the dimension of υwae turned into 1/seconds,as a result these made
people difficult to understand the physics’ sense of Plank’ constants. in
fact, the light was regarded as micro material ,the dimension of E could be
dived into erge and an number without dimension. so, according to the
equation E =hυ the light could be regarded of the made up of the particles
which consisted ofυnumbers’s h0,then Plank’s constants were regarded as
energ of every pacticle. According to the repulsion particles’ theory, the
frequency’s numbers wae equal to the numbers of the repusion particle that
was absorbed by moved parcicles . so firstly, the wave frequency was
changed with the movement’s velocity;when the velocity reached the lights’
velocity, the wave frequency of the particle reached its maxmun. secondly,
when the particle’s mass became lesse,more clearly the particle waved.
Some large particles which consisted of more masses and macro things,
because they absorbed too many repulsion particles ,their wave frequency was
too high,addingly,every h0’s energy was too smaller than mC2,so the wave
was not clear. if the gravitation wave existed, even a snallest star, its
gravitation wave frequency was too high to imagine
Presently, let us realise the process of the change of body’s movement
energy in the point of the repulsion particle, the body’s movement energy
was converted because it absorded the repulsion particle’s exclusion energy
,let us suppose every replusion particle’s mass is @,it’s energy is h0, so
E=mC2=n@C2 =MtV2t/2 but MtV2t/2=nh0
When body’s velocity reachs the light’s velocity, the mass of repulsion
particle whilch is absorbed is equal to the body’s internal gravition mass,
that is to say ,the exclusion energy is equal to the absorb energy.let us
suppose that the body which moves at the speed of light’s velocity absorb n
numbers of repulsion particle ,then the photon’s energy E=nh0,in contrast
to the equation E = hυ,there is nh0=hυ,so every replusion particle’s
energy is h0=hυ/n ,because the constant h is the smallest unit in energy
division , so in conclusion , every repulsion particle’s energy h0 equals h
,that is h0=h;n=υ ,so essencely the wave frequency of the move particle is
the numbers od repulsion particles whilc are absorbed ,from this we probably
find the realy reason why the move pacticles resulted in wave
Conclusion 4: the energy particle while was put forward by Plank was the
replusion particle, the equation which expresses the body’s move energy
has three forms :
E =nh0=ΔmC2=mV2/2
The n is the number of repulsion particles which are absorded by move body,
h0 is the energy of every repulsion particles, its unin is erge. as the
particle is bigerr or the move velocity is higher, the quantity n of the
repulsion particles is more. in the three forms of the move energy ,the
first form was named the energy subexpressions,or named the repusion
subexpression of the move energy .it connects the body’s move with the body
’s wave, it also includes the Debroglie wave. the second equation is named
the move energy’s mass-energy relation expression, or named the move energy
’s coversion expression of gravitation energy ; the third equation is
founded in the Norton’s mechanics, so it is also refered to the move energy
’s classical expression. but the mass m in the expression is changeable,
when vc ,E=m0C2.that is to say ,when body moves at the speed of the light’s
velocity, the body’s move energy is equal to the whole gravition energy,
the body dosen’t constain the gravitation constant, the whole graviation
constant is turned into move energy. there are two senses. firstly, the
body’s move energy have its limit m0C2,secondly,the move energy is onli
external ,it is the result of external repulsion and the intrernal
gravitation ,the move energy is incersed at the cost of the reduction of the
body’s internal gravition . the body’s whole energy is constant, the
character between the move energy and the silent energy is different, they
can not be simply added to increase the silent energy.
E(the whole energy )= miC2+mtV2/2=mC2
The body’s energy is equal to the internal energy of the gravitation
particle and the repulsion particle and the whole body’s external energy,
that is to say ,the body’s whole energy equals the body’s external
gravitation and the body’s move energy.
E (whole)=E (extrenal)+E (internal)=(m0-m)c2=mc2+mtV2/2;
In coclusion ,the whole energy of the universe is constant.
Six 、force essence and Newton second principle
Force interaction mechanics has hitherto not found out，but we can be
deduced from the hypothesis of the repulsion particle .This is because the
change of object’s kinetic status results from taking in or giving out the
repulsion particles.
The mass-velocity relation’s formula of the hypothesis of the repulsion
particle
is unfolded into the series .Then through simple change and
arrangement we can deduce the same kinetic energy formula as the relativity
theory .It is the kinetic energy
that is exclusion energy of an object which absorbs repulsion particle.
According to the definition of kinetic quantity , then the kinetic
quantity is
This reveals, free repulsion particle kinetic velocity should be the light
velocity ,and object’s kinetic quantity is N repulsion particles’ kinetic
quantity which an object takes in .The kinetic quantity keep balance is
described that in a close system when objects are interacting ,the kinetic
quantity of the repulsion particles can be converted from an object to
another ,and the added value of an object’s kinetic quantity is equal to
the decreased value of others, but total kinetic quantity keeps balances .
The kinetic quantity is formulated with the product of mass and velocity ,so
object’s kinetic quantity is mV, and the kinetic quantity of every
repulsion particles is @c. The kinetic quantity keep balance law was written
as following:
From it, we can see that the kinetic quantity keep balance is still
true, and latter equation reveals the essence of the kinetic quantity keep
balance.
Exceptional condition is , namely that an object absorbs a repulsion
particle results in change of the velocity.
From the concept of the repulsion particle ,the acceleration can be get from
the difference of kinetic quantity to time. So Newton second principle F=
ma can be wtitten
F= m0(dv/dt) = @(dn/dt)C
accleration*inertia mass = acclrtation*light velocity
In upward formula inertia mass m0 is unchangeable, so it describes the
instantaneous change in force effect. In fact Newton second principle is
another description form. The essence of the force is difference of kinetic
quantity to time which effects the object in the same direction. If effect
to macro objects comes different direction and is out of order(heat the
object),the kinetic quantity of the repulsion particle is converted into the
kinetic quantity of structural particles in the object. However in Newton
second principle the acceleratin is defined as the coming accelertion which
the object has got a little kinetic quantity of the repulsion particles.
That is not to say that the object has got the velocity of V, but that the
velocity changing from 0 to v is a course. In kinetic quantity keep
principle, the velocity has been the velocity which the object has had when
it has completed its motion. It is important for us to distinguish object
motion’s beginning and completement, and we can understand the essence of
motion.
In addition, force essence only suggests the object moves in certain
acceleration and direction, but does not suggest that motion must occur. For
example, we push a fixed cement pillar. Because its motive status does not
change, the cement pillar will reflect the repulsion particles Given, that
is effect and antieffect, and the object does not take in the repulsion
particles. So the essential cause of motion occurrence is the change of the
comparement of gravitation with epulsion, and results in the energy balance
destroy at the location in the total earth gravitation system,so it must
look for the new balance location. The increasement and decreasement of the
repulsion particles and gravition field looking for new balance location
occurs in the same time.
As to all rest object on earth, have balance location which the earth
gravition field takes effect on. When an object absorbs a few repulsion
particles which is opposite to the gravition, the object’s gravition will
decrease because of the repulsion of the repulsion particles. The object
must move new balance location from the former balance location in the
gravition field, and motion occurs. As to the throwing upward object, its
reachable summit is H, which is its balance loaction. In the same force,if
we throw the object horizontally, it must move at the same speed in a line.
Provided the ground is smooth, it stops at the point which is away from the
ground in the height of H. So, once rest object moves, it has liablity to go
away from the earth.
Seven、 ineria system
Ineria system is reference system we observe the object’s motion .The
object ’s motion that Newton mechanics research occurs in Euclid plane
space. Eveny point in plane space is equal. Interactivity between object is
inrelative to the background of the motion ,and taking any point as
reference system can not influnce the principal of the motion of the object;
that is, motion occurs in plane space has nothing to do with the reference
systen choosed. This is the inner basis of Galilio’s relative principle
being founded.
However, when it comes to curved space, points in it is not equal.
choosing different point as reference system, the principal of the object’s
motion will change. That the theory of repulsion particle inspect the
object’s motion occurs in genuine gravitational field space. For example,
any motion on earth occurs in the gravitational field space of the earth
which is a serials of sphere space increasing along the earth’s radious .In
small local space it can be approximately regarded as plane Euclid space.
That is the sphere that Newton machnacis is approximately applicable.
However ,in large space, espacially to the direction of the earth’s radius,
the energy of the earth’s gravitational field differs remarkably. In
ineria system it is equal only in same equipotential plane. therefore,
reference system selected in same equipotential plane has same effect. But
in any direction crossed with a equipotential plane, reference system
selected is defferent, so in different ineria system the status of moving
object is different ,same is true to it’s energy .
Let’s begin with the motion of throwing upward .On the ground, the
object which has absorbed quite a few repulsion particles is thrown upward
at the speed of v0.the ocject continously throwns off repulsion particles
because it moves decelerately. when the object arrive at the sumit A1 point,
it’s velocity becomes zero.It has given out all repulsion particles
absored at the moment of throwing. Then it drop at accelerately speed
pendiculerly, the object absored repulsion particles again from the earth’s
gravitational field. when return to the ground ,the velocity is V0 with the
downward velocity. If an object moves horizontally in the velocity of V0(
regardless the direction) , then the kinetic energy of the object is same as
that of up and down motion. They are all formulated with :E=m0[]2v0[]2/2.
Therefore we can see, as to the point A an object with the kinetic energy E=
m0[]2v0[]2/2 has an zero kinetic energy as to the point A1 .That is,there is
an energy difference between the A reference system and A1 reference system
(ineria energy difference).Take attention that the energy differs along the
direction of the earth’s radius, which is only relevent to the height from
the ground. If it is not kept off by the earth, the object will go through
the center of the earth and fly to the another side of the earth.It is not
until that it fly to the height L from the ground and it’s velocity is zero
,it will stop flying forward. It is just like a penduim whose center point
is the center of the earth.If the object is not disturbed by another forth,
it will swing for ever.
As to the earth, from the center, along the redius outward, exists
innumerous same-center sphere ineria system, it’s ineria energy increase
when the radius extends. The points at the sphere with a certern radus has
same ineria engery ( quipotential plane).That is, the earth’s ineria series
accords to it’s distribution of the gravitational field. From the point,we
can arrive at some conclusion:
the earth’s ineria system is approximate curved space, not Euclid plant
space. objects either take in or give out repulsion particles when move
across the equipotential plane. only when the object moves with regular
speed and at the equipotential plane, it neither take in or give out
repulsion particles.this is can use to explain why the electron revolves
round the atomic nucleus stably in an atom. So Newton’s ineria principal
should be expressed as: when an object do not affected by outside force, it
will maintain stationary or revolution round the grivitational center with
regular velocity. Just because the earth’s radius is very large, in a small
scale we can take revolutionary motion near the surface of the earth as
linear motion. This is the approximate proposition the Newton’s principal
to be true.
Same as the fature of the distribution of the object’s gravitational field,
ineria space contracts and it’s curvature increase when the gravitational
mass of the gravitational central body insrease and the distance from the
gravitational central body decrease. Only in place very distant from
gravitational central body and the action of gravitational field tends to
zero, the ineria space tents to Euclid space. in the general, the curature
and density of the space is decided by the distribution of gravitational
substance. Not only can curved space be previous to gravity, but also can
curved space substitute for gravity.
Photon can decay to plane particles. In the course of high-speed particles
thrown from gravitational central body move from low energy ineria system to
high energy ineria system ,it will give out repulsion particle and
decelates continously. If only the initial velocity is enough large,
particles can get rid of the influence of the gravitational central body.
Like other high-speed particles, photon emitted will give out repulsion
particles under the influence of the gratitional field,it not only reduce
frequence and lead to red shift , but also reduce the velocity and become
plain pariciple. just at the moment the photon emitted , it’s gravitational
mass is zero. therefore, the delay of photon is much slow than normal high-
speed particles. Free participles move slowly in the cosmos, because it has
give out most repulsion ,it has gagantic gravitational energy(tent to m0c[]2
),and become new substance which can gether into new gravitational center
again. while repulsion particles thrown off from all moving object scatter
in the cosmos and were made up of background hot of the cosmos. What’s heat
? Heat is a form of repulsional energy, is ambitry motion of repultion
participle. when repulsions is absorbed by an object,the object’s velocity
increase, but this restricted repulsion particles donot make heat.it is not
until that the resticted repulsion particles is set free by collision of
moving object, heat is displayed. The tempature is a macro presentation of
the degree of mess of the repulsion particles in the object.it can be
meatured by average density in unit volumn.
The aggregation of low-speed particles in the cosmos is a course of
absorbing repulsion particles, as well a accelerated course. Particles in an
area aggregating towards the gravitational center is the course that nebul
turns to the planet. Because of particles drops to the gravitational center
colliding with each other or with the gravitational center from side to side
, most repulsion particles are thrown off to the cosmos again(loss of heat).
Experiencing sereval times contracts and expands, the nebul from the
gravitatinal center. The gravitational center continue to evolve.It emit
heat(repulsion particle) and photon, make the gravitatinal center become a
super planet with immense density(black hole).At the point ,repulsion
particles inside the planet is given out completely. It is almost similar
with riginal substance commposed of the background of the cosmos in
energical level. But the thing can not happen simoutenous in the cosmos. So
the cosmis heat balance is impossible .On the contratry ,like the
gravitioanl pendium ,when the contented repulsion is least,it has most
gravitational energe. When the repulsion particles inside the planet is the
least,it’s gravitational energy is the most(tents to m0c[]2).Therefore,it
begin to absorb the particles and small stars within its gravitational scope
.Because of collision and bombing the black hole during the course of
accelerated drop,a lot of repulsion particles will be given out again.It
enter a new round evolvation.
The mass of the gravitatinal center decide the scope of the gravitational
field.If a photon emitted from a gravitatinal center whose mass is much
larger than the earth flys long distance, it will get rid if the
gravitational field of the centee and enter the gravitional field of the
earth; then before the photon enter the gravitational field it experience
deceleration,it give out repulsion particles; after it enter the
gravitational field of the earth,it experience acceleration, it take in the
repulsion particles. How ever, because it’s gravitional field is much
bigger than the earth’s, the photon loss more repulsion than take in ,so it
present red shift.on the other side ,if the mass of the earth is larger
than the luminophor center’s,it will occur purple shift. nevertheless,
luminonphor body whose mass is smaller than the earth’s is not discovered,
therefore, we only see red shift.
Reference:
1. A.C.KOΠAHEЦ 《Theoretical Physics 》 Translated by: Ge Ge
Published by:Advanced Education Publishing Company 1960 p88-90
2.《Selecting Compilation of Einstein's Works》
Compiled and translated by:Huaixin Cai et al.,Published by: People's
Publishing Company of Shanghai
3.Friedrich Engels 《Natural Dialectics 》 Translated by: Central
Translating Departmant ,Published by: People's Publishing Company 1971 p221
4.J.Bernstein :《A.Einstein》 Translated by:Gengtian Gao,
Published by:Science Publishing Company 1980 p86
5.Xianshen Jia et al《Physics Course of Study》,Published by:Eduction
Publishing Company of Shandong 1987
6.W.C.Danpier《History of Science》 Hang Li, Commercial Publishing
House 1975
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