P******l 发帖数: 1648 | 1 创造论学者常被问到的其中一条问题是:
一对人类怎可能繁衍出世上各式各样的人种?
讽刺的是,
认为这条问题会令到创造论学者哑口无言的人,当中许多都相信一些更难以置信的事。
就是……
所有生物起源于一个细胞,细胞本身则起源于无生命的化合物。
假如人们能够相信 随机突变(random mutation)和 物竞天择(natural selection)
是造成巨变(生物信息内容大幅增加)的合理解释,那么这些机制,无疑足够解释创造
论学者对小变(不涉及新功能信息的产生)的观点。
创造论(Creation Theory)/堕落论(Fall Theory)指出,起初的一对人类拥有极大
的基因差异,从而能够解释人种之间的所有差异。
这种极大的基因差异在经过重新洗牌后,因为突变导致基因信息失去了一些复杂性,而
且,当前所有的基因所有差异,皆可以用物竞天择来解释。《The Answers Book》第
18 章1对此有详尽解释。
该书指出,仅仅四个控制黑色素分布的基因,就能够产生广泛的肤色范围。
眼睛所以有不同的颜色,是虹膜的黑色素粒子造成的光散射现象,我们看到的眼睛颜色
,取决于黑色素的多寡和深度。天空所以是蓝色,也是空气分子造成的光散射现象。粉
红 /红色的日落,是阳光以小角度进入大气的光学现象,而空气中的灰尘粒子会加强
散射效果,令晚霞颜色更为鲜艳。
白化病(albinism)的病因,是有害的基因突变,大大减低或破坏身体制造黑色素的能
力,白化病患者的眼睛因为缺乏黑色素,以至血管显而易见,所以他们的眼睛是粉红色
的。
然而,从粒子到人类进化论所假定的机制,是能够产生新的复杂信息。但物竞天择并不
能产生新的信息,它只能够在可以获得的信息中进行选择。
作者:Jonathan Sarfati
译者:卢慧明(Candice Loh)
文章来源:Journal of Creation 11(1):31–32, April 1997 | P******l 发帖数: 1648 | 2 血型的起源
血型
人类的特征有多方面的差异,其一是血型。以下的解释,包括主要血型:A 型、B 型及
O 型。
A 型和 B 型的血型组别,是根据红血球表面的不同抗原(antigen,抗原是引发免疫反
应的物质)来界定。
它们的产生是 DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)控制。
A 型、B 型及 O 型的红血球表面,均有一种称为「H 物质」的先驱物(precursor),
用来制造抗原。
A 型血是「A 型转移酶」把「N-乙酰半乳糖胺」(N-acetylgalactosamine)连接在 H
物质上;
B 型血是「B 型转移酶」把「半乳糖」(galactose)连接在 H 物质上。
O 型血是简单的位点突变(point mutation)的结果,突变大幅减少以至破坏 A 型转
移酶把 N-乙酰半乳糖胺连接在 H 物质上的能力。
注意的是,这是一个损失信息的例子,与粒子到人类进化论无关。这个失效的 A 型转
移酶,称为「循环蛋白」(circulating protein)。
O 型循环蛋白的失效程度,取决于 DNA 发生突变的位点,有些 O 型比其他 O型有较多
的 N-乙酰半乳糖胺连接在 H 物质上。这点有时导致血库之间会有不一致的情况出现。
由于 O 型在血型组别当中最为普遍,以此推断,位点突变可能发生于人类历史早期。
没有了 H 物质的红血球,属于罕有的「孟买血型」(Bombay)抗原,称为「Oh 型」。
人类的血型
人类有一个控制 ABO 血型的基因,它有三个变化,分别是 A、B 或 O。由于血型基因
总以一对对偶基因的形式出现,分别遗传自父亲的对偶基因和母亲的对偶基因,这两个
对偶基因的组合产生不同血型。因此,个人的血型基因组合有下列几种可能:AA、BB、
AB、AO、BO、OO。相对 A 和 B,O 属于隐性对偶基因,意思是,假如有 A或 B 对偶基
因的传在,便由 A 或 B 对偶基因决定血型。即是说,拥有 AO 对偶基因的人是 A 型
血;BO 对偶基因的人是 B 型血;只有 OO对偶基因的人才是 O 型血。O 型者的血液缺
乏 A 或 B 蛋白,所以 O 型血可以供给 A 型、B 型或 AB 型的人,而 O型者亦称为「
万能供血者」(universal donor)。假如 A型血给了一个 B 型血的人,受血者会产生
过敏反应,严重者会导致死亡。
假如一对夫妇要将 A、B、O 全部对偶基因都遗传给子女,两人之间必须拥有 A、B、O
的对偶基因。
因此,亚当和夏娃的血型基因有以下的可能组合:
AO 及 BO、AB 及 OO、AB 及 AO、AB 及 BO、AA及 BO、BB 及 AO。
以上任何一个基因组合,两人合共拥有全部的对偶基因(A、B、O)。另一个可能是亚
当和夏娃没有 O 对偶基因,而是如上述般在人类历史早期发生突变之后才出现,这样
的话,父母之间只需要 A 和 B 的对偶基因。两人的血型基因有以下的可能组合:AB
及 AB、AA 及AB、BB 及AB、AA 及 BB。
假设亚当和夏娃的血型基因组合分别是 AO 及 BO ,他们的孩子会有 AB、AO、BO 及
OO 的基因组合,分别产生 AB、A、B 或 O 型血。事实上,他们的孩子大约1/4机会属
于各种血型。
*假如根据犹太人传说,亚当和夏娃有 56 个子女, 那么每个血型组别就有大约 14
人。
https://creation.com/blood-types-and-their-origin | d*****g 发帖数: 978 | 3 血型你没算上rh +-, rh-的母亲怀有rh+,的孩子会在第二个孩子后对阳性的孩子产生
抗体,非常容易流产
亚当夏娃是黑人还是白人还是黄人也没说说清楚,估计耶稣没见过黑人,黄人,印第安
人,否则肯定创世纪的时候多创造几个配对了
H
【在 P******l 的大作中提到】![](/moin_static193/solenoid/img/up.png) : 血型的起源 : 血型 : 人类的特征有多方面的差异,其一是血型。以下的解释,包括主要血型:A 型、B 型及 : O 型。 : A 型和 B 型的血型组别,是根据红血球表面的不同抗原(antigen,抗原是引发免疫反 : 应的物质)来界定。 : 它们的产生是 DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)控制。 : A 型、B 型及 O 型的红血球表面,均有一种称为「H 物质」的先驱物(precursor), : 用来制造抗原。 : A 型血是「A 型转移酶」把「N-乙酰半乳糖胺」(N-acetylgalactosamine)连接在 H
| P******l 发帖数: 1648 | 4 These are just google results from Apologetics websites for further study
and thoughts. Those who try to mess up with malicious attitude will get what
they deserve. On the other hand, we welcome sincere questions and are
willing to discuss about these together with mutual respect. Thanks.
http://askjohnmackay.com/blood-groups-how-a-b-ab-o-rh-blood-groups-from-adam-eve/
About the author: Diane Eager
Diane Eager has a background in medicine, and was a lecturer in biomedical
sciences at University of Canberra. She now works for Creation Research,
writing and doing background research for our publications and DVDs, as well
as giving presentations. She is particularly interested in design in living
things and how living things interact with one another, as well as
developing a Biblical understanding of biology.
BLOOD GROUPS: How did A B AB O & Rh blood groups come from Adam & Eve? What
blood group were they?
The original question was:
How could four major blood types (A, B, AB, and O) and two Rhesus factors (
positive and negative), come from only one pair of Humans? What blood type
were Adam’s and Eve? Is there any possibility genetic mutations generated
blood type changes?
Answer by Diane Eager
ABO Inheritance
The ABO and Rh blood grouping systems can easily have been inherited from
one couple. Let’s start by looking at the way the ABO groups are inherited
today. Genes for the ABO system come in three variations A, B and O. Because
you have two copies of each gene it is possible to inherit two different
variations. However, A and B genes always predominate over O genes.
Therefore, to be blood group A you can either have two A genes, i.e. a
genotype of AA, or one A and one O, i.e. genotype AO. Blood group B people
can have two B genes, i.e. genotype BB, or a B and an O gene, i.e. genotype
BO. Group AB people have one A and one B gene, i.e. genotype AB. Group O
people have two O genes, i.e. genotype OO.
A couple whose gene combinations are AO and BO could give rise to all four
groups in their children. Let’s work it out. Suppose the mother was AO and
the father BO. Children inherit one gene from each parent. Therefore,
children could inherit the following combinations:
Mother’s A plus Father’s B: child’s blood group AB (genotype AB)
Mother’s A plus Father’s O: child’s blood group A (genotype (AO)
Mother’s O plus Father’s B: child’s blood group B (genotype (BO)
Mother’s O plus Father’s O: child’s blood group O (genotype (OO)
The ABO genes are not linked to the sex of the parents or the children, so
the same combinations could occur if the mother was BO and the Father AO.
However, I don’t think Adam and Eve were the above combination because O is
a mutation that stops the formation of the A molecule. In the beginning,
everything God made was very good. There would not have been any defective
genes.
ABO Genes
Let’s look at what the A and B groups actually refer to on the blood cells.
The A and B of the ABO blood groups refer to two different molecules that
are attached to the surfaces of red blood cells. Group A people only make
the A molecule. Group B people only make the B molecule. Group AB people
make both, and Group O people make neither. These molecules are attached to
the red cell surface by another molecule named H, so the ABO blood group
system is sometimes called the ABH system, as the vast majority of Group O
people still have the H molecule. There is a rare form of Group O where H is
missing, so even if these people could make the A or B molecules there is
nowhere for them to attach it to the cell.
The A and B genes actually code for two different enzymes that attach
differing sugar molecules to the end of the H molecule. The A enzyme
attaches a molecule named N-acetyl-galactosamine molecule to the H molecule.
The B enzyme attaches a molecule named galactose. The gene for O is a
deletion/frameshift mutation of A, and produces a non-functional protein
that doesn’t attach any other molecules to the H molecule.
Because the O gene is very common and is present in all races, I suspect the
O mutation occurred fairly early in the history of the human race. Most
likely it was already present in Noah’s family at the time of the Flood
when the human population was reduced to eight people. Therefore, even if
only one of Noah’s sons or daughters-in-law had it, it would be a
significant proportion of the gene pool. It seems to be a harmless mutation,
so it would have spread easily through the population, without causing any
loss of fitness or reproductive life.
What about Rh?
The Rh system is expressed as positive and negative. It involves two genes
named RHD and RHCE which code for two proteins embedded in the red cell
membrane. In general the presence or absence of the RHD gene determines Rh
status. In most Rh negative people, the RHD gene is missing altogether. In
others the gene is present but a mutation causes it to be non-functional.
Like the ABO genes, each person has two copies of the Rh genes, but only one
normal RHD gene is required for a person to be Rh positive. Rh negative
people have two negative, i.e. missing or mutated genes. Rh negative status
can cause serious disease and even death in babies of Rh negative mothers.
Since death has resulted only from man’s disobedience, you can be assured
God did not build this problem into a good world. Therefore, Rh negative
genes are the result of the general degeneration of the human genome that
occurred after the Fall, or more likely, after the Flood.
What were Adam and Eve’s Blood Groups?
Adam and Eve would not have had any missing or defunct genes. Therefore,
they would have had the A and B genes and normal Rh genes. Therefore, they
both could have been AB positive, or one could have been A positive and the
other B positive. | P******l 发帖数: 1648 | 5 Last part of 【血型的由来——反驳进化论者的批评】... :)
血型的功用
一位反创造论者曾问:
血型有什么用?只令到输血程序变得复杂。
他指血型的多样化是「设计瑕疵」。然而,他所声称的「设计瑕疵」是不符合科学原理
,除非有人能够示范一个更好的设计。第一条修辞性疑问,假定了只因为我们不知道某
一东西的用处,这个东西便是无用的。事实上,我们在原则上不可能证实某个器官无用
,皆因总有可能,在将来发现这个器官的用处。
这的确发生:
有超过 100 个曾被怀疑无用的退化器官,现在被证实是必不可少的。
胸腺(thymus)是一个曾被认为无用的腺体,但现在我们知道胸腺是胚胎中首个制造淋
巴细胞的器官,是制造 T 淋巴细胞的工厂。「胸腺是免疫系统发展的关键,有着重要
功能。」当胸腺失去作用或受到破坏,将导致严重的免疫力缺乏,这是爱滋病患者的主
要病发原因,其 T 淋巴细胞受到病毒的破坏。
即使是广泛被认为是无用的退化器官——阑尾,它含有淋巴组织,在控制细菌进入小肠
上扮演重要角色。阑尾的功用,与位于消化道另一端的扁桃体的功用相似:一度被认为
是无用器官的扁桃体,有加强咽喉感染抵抗力的功用。
因此,假定血型没有作用,同样是个错误。A、B、H抗原,与细菌抗原、植物,以及人
体怎样对付入侵微生物而又不伤害自己,有着密切的免疫关系。血型和心脏病亦似乎有
关。
A 型血往往有较多的冷凝蛋白质,超过血库的需要。O 型血的人似乎有患上胃溃疡的倾
向。血型组别的多样化亦意味,假如爆发血液疾病,尽管病原体适应了某种血型,也不
至摧毁整体人口。
以上转载来自 创造科学 微信号 |
|