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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy#Etymology
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "
choice" or "thing chosen",[5] but it came to mean the "party or school of a
man's choice"[6] and also referred to that process whereby a young person
would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "
heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and
implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a
heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse
heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of
heresy.
[edit]
對基督教而言
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy#Christianity
The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his
tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his
opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation
needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from
ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief")
and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed
out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.[7]
Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of
Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of
Milan",[8] and was the first Roman Emperor to be baptized, set precedents
for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high
priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized
religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated
by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called
the ecumenical councils[9] and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority
.[10]
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in 380 AD by the
Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I,[11] which made Christianity the State
church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church
had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to
counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the State's authority
and that of the catholic Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the
outcomes of this blurring of Church and State was the sharing of State
powers of legal enforcement with Church authorities. This reinforcement of
the Church's authority gave Church leaders the power to, in effect,
pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the Church considered heretical.
Within five years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor,
the first Christian heretic to be prosecuted, Priscillian, was executed in
385 by Roman officials. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by
Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius.[12] For some years after the Reformation
, Protestant churches were also known to execute those whom they considered
to be heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by
sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The
number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "
ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known. [note 2]
[edit]Catholicism
Massacre of the Waldensians of Mérindol in 1545.
The Roman Catholic Church had always dealt harshly with strands of
Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these
tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like
Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of
the almost Manichean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous
11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of
Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and
Western Christianities. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as
the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning
to appear in the towns and cities of Northern Italy, Southern France and
Flanders.
In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the
belief was spreading to other areas.[18] The Cathar Crusade was initiated by
the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc.[19][
20] Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio
Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European
wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition
Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured
his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest
of his life.
[edit]Eastern Christianity
In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs
declared to be heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation
needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various
Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against
individuals and groups deemed to be heretical by those churches.
[edit]Protestantism
One example of a few of the alleged heretics who were executed under
Protestant church law was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660,
and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the then ultra
orthodox protestant "Puritan" sect, which during those years operated as a
de facto church-state institution holding nearly absolute authority over the
Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently
hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their
colony. As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival
Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and
executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such
perceived "heresies". This example is by no means unique to the times.
In England, the sixteenth century European Reformation resulted in a number
of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry
VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly protestants, were executed and a
rather greater number of catholics lost their lives for political offences
such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Bp. John Fisher when their
actions were motivated by their loyalty to the Pope.[21] Under Edward VI,
the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by
Mary Tudor; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for
denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's
divinity).[22] Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burnt
at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal
jurisdiction.[22] When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy
was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy
and the one hundred and eighty or so catholics who were executed in the
forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered
to be members of "a subversive fifth column".[21] The last execution of a "
heretic" in England occurred under James I in 1612.[23]
[edit]Christian heresy in the modern era
See also: Christian heresy in the modern era
Although less common than in the medieval period, formal charges of heresy
within Christian churches still occur. Key issues in the Protestant churches
have included modern biblical criticism, the nature of God, and the
acceptability of gay clergy. The Catholic Church, through the Congregation
for the Doctrine of the Faith, appears to be particularly concerned with
academic theology.
Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the
term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often
today. There are however, some notable exceptions: see for example Rudolf
Bultmann and the character of debates over ordination of women and gay
priests. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to
who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in
the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.[24]
對于非信徒， 基本上沒這個詞
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy#Non-religious_usage
In a secular, multi-polar world, the term heresy has lost utility outside of
a well-defined (usually religious) context. While heresy is pejorative in a
religious context and in some political contexts, it may be complimentary
in other contexts where innovation is more welcome.
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