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发帖数: 3319 | 1 is a dislike or fear of people from other countries or of that which is
perceived to be foreign or strange. Some definitions suggest xenophobia as
arising from irrationality or unreason.[1][2] It comes from the Greek words
ξένος (xenos), meaning "stranger," "foreigner," and φόβ
ος (phobos), meaning "fear."[3]
Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and
perceptions of an ingroup towards an outgroup, including a fear of losing
identity, suspicion of its activities, aggression, and desire to eliminate
its presence to secure a presumed purity.[4] Xenophobia can also be
exhibited in the form of an "uncritical exaltation of another culture" in
which a culture is ascribed "an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality".[5]
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action urges all governments to take
immediate measures and to develop strong policies to prevent and combat all
forms and minifestations of racism, xenophobia or related intolerance, where
necessary by enactment of appropriate legislation including penal measure.[
6]
The first is a population group present within a society that is not
considered part of that society.[citation needed] Often they are recent
immigrants, but xenophobia may be directed against a group which has been
present for centuries, or became part of this society through conquest and
territorial expansion. This form of xenophobia can elicit or facilitate
hostile and violent reactions, such as mass expulsion of immigrants, pogroms
or in other cases, genocide.
The second form of xenophobia is primarily cultural, and the objects of the
phobia are cultural elements which are considered alien. All cultures are
subject to external influences, but cultural xenophobia is often narrowly
directed, for instance, at foreign loan words in a national language. It
rarely leads to aggression against individual persons, but can result in
political campaigns for cultural or linguistic purification. In addition,
entirely xenophobic societies tend not to be open to interactions from
anything "outside" themselves, resulting in isolationism that can further
increase xenophobia. |
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