c***x 发帖数: 628 | 1 Let’s continue on our friendly discussion on LSDs as some of us have
different understanding and opinion regarding to them. Hopefully we can come
to the same fact at the end so we can all learn something from it.
Let’s say I have a Clutch type 1.5 Way LSD which has 40/65 ramp angle, and
40%locking, very low to no preload.
What happens when you accelerating through the corner and the inside wheel
lifts?
Copied from last reply:
You miss the part where the Clutch Lock up to remain the %lock at 40%. L=>
30%. you obviously will lose that 30% as that wheel gets lifted, but you
will still have the remaining 70% to the wheel on the ground until the
torque exceeds the torque that tire can hold. |
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 2 What "Lockup" Really Means
by Jonathan Thayer on January 09, 2013
I receive a good number of questions regarding what "lockup" really means
and the differences in the different percentages.
I typically don't quote other sources often, but Mr. Jim El Nabli (a BMW
enthusiast) stated it better than I can. (I only edited some of the spelling
mistakes and formatted it a bit different than his original email.)
In a standard differential, if one wheel loses traction, it will get all the
power and will spin, while the wheel with traction gets nothing. The idea
of a limited-slip differential is to prevent all power from being applied to
only one driving wheel when traction is lost. There are numerous types of
limited-slip, positraction, locker, etc. units.
The percentage number denotes the percentage of torque applied to the slower
turning wheel from the faster turning wheel. In a straight line, both drive
wheels turn at the same speed, so no limited slip action is occurring. In a
turn, or when one tire is spinning more than the other (such as on snow or
ice), with a limited slip differential, 25, 40, or 75 percent of the torque
applied to the faster wheel is applied to the slower wheel, effectively '
limiting slip'. A higher lockup percentage will cause increased rear tire
wear on the inside tire during cornering -- the tire itself will have to
slip slightly to counteract the limited slip's desire to have both tires
turning at the same speed. It will also increase oversteer in wet or
slippery conditions, but it will also increase understeer in tight corners
under dry conditions. This is simply due to the fact that with a limited
slip, the drive wheels tend to want to turn at the same speed, making the
car tend to want to go in a straight line. When it is slippery, however,
both drive tires will tend to lose traction at the same time, increasing
oversteer. The advantages are less inside wheelspin when accelerating out of
a tight corner. This also translates into more horsepower to the pavement
and faster autocross times -- provided that the suspension is tuned for the
limited slip. The ability to accelerate out of corners without excess wheel
spin can be a great advantage.
On a more technical note:
The limited slip percentage is also called the locking factor. It describes
the maximum applied torque difference between rear wheels compared with
total applied torque. Passenger car LSDs are usually in the 25-40% locking
factor range. Most factory BMW LSDs are 25%.
Limited Slip Locking Factor:
(Note: Drive torque is torque applied to road surface.)
Drive Torque Difference Between Rear Wheels
S = ------------------------------------------- x 100%
Total Drive Torque of Both Rear Wheels
Think of a situation where the two rear wheels are on different surfaces
with different coefficients of friction:
H = Higher traction, more torque can be applied to road surface
L = Lower traction, less torque can be applied to road surface
H - L
S = ------- x 100 %
H + L
By rearranging the equation a little, you see that for a 25% LSD, the High
torque side can be as much as 62.5% of the total while the Low torque side
can be as little as 37.5% of the total.
25% LSD Example:
S + 1 0.25 + 1
H = ------- = -------- = 0.625
2 2
-S + 1 -0.25 + 1
L = ------- = -------- = 0.375
2 2
The H/L ratio, called the bias ratio, is easier for me to think about
because it quickly shows how much more torque can be sent to the high side.
With a 25% limited slip, it is possible to have 1.67 times as much torque
applied to the high side. A 40% LSD works out to a 2.33 bias ratio.
25% LSD Example:
H S + 1 0.25 + 1
--- = ------- = -------- = 1.67 (Bias Ratio)
L -S + 1 -0.25 + 1
A locked differential has a 100% locking factor (infinite bias ratio)
because all torque can be applied to one wheel (e.g. one wheel on ice or in
the air). For a limited slip, the initial preload, or break-away torque,
allows power application when one drive wheel is on ice or in the air. Open
differentials are another story (see snow/ice write-up below).
In theory, an open differential has 0% locking factor (1.00 bias ratio)
because the torque to each wheel is balanced (H = L). In actual practice,
there is some bias because the differential is not friction free.
Differentials reduce tire wear and help a car turn more easily by allowing
the rear wheels to travel at different speeds while turning corners. The
inside wheel must slow down (smaller radius turn) while the outside wheel
speeds up an equal amount (larger radius turn). To balance the drive torque
at each wheel, more torque is applied to the outside wheel, speeding it up,
while less torque is applied to the inside wheel, allowing it to slow down.
Open differentials always work well turning. They also apply power very
evenly when both rear wheels have adequate traction. However, the big
downside, is their torque balancing action when one wheel has much less
traction, such as in ice and snow.
The torque applied to the wheel with the most traction can only equal the
lesser traction wheel. Total applied torque for both wheels is only twice
the traction of the worst wheel.
There you have it. A simple, yet detailed, explanation of lockup.
~ Jonathan Thayer |
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 3 你先想这么一个问题,什么叫做“扭矩”
如果你两手拧毛巾,其中一手完全不使劲,毛巾是没法拧干的,对吧?如果那只手不是
完全放松,只是使一半劲,毛巾被拧的程度就只能和两只手都使一半劲一样
再想一下驱动轮完全被架空的情况下轰油门,这和空档轰油门一样,你没有发挥任何扭
矩,动力只是让你的引擎很快彪到红线乃至断油。这种情况下你要让整个系统达到某个
稳态,引擎就只能保持怠速了。
现在回到你的问题。假设你的车是RWD,两个车轮都有良好附着力时,你获得的牵引力
记做100%。那么如果一侧车轮完全失去附着力,另一侧附着力保持完好,对于一个100%
lock的差速器会发生什么情况呢?这时你能发挥的总的牵引力是50%,因为只有一个车
轮能起作用。可以你的引擎不是能提供大一倍的动力吗?是,但是这就回到了前面的问
题,当你轮胎提供的牵引力不能匹配引擎的动力时,引擎的转速就会飙升,剩余动力越
多,飙升的越快。引擎转速飙升就意味着即便是附着力良好的车轮也要开始打滑,因为
你这时100%锁止的差速器就是没有差速器。接下来发生的事情是,随着车轮滑移率超过
20%,附着良好的一侧车轮也开始失去附着力,最终引擎还是会彪到断油。所以,这种
情况下你要保持一个稳态,一是你主动调整油门,把引擎的动力降到50%,二是TCS介入
,ECU把你引擎的动力降到50%……这就是为什么之前我贴的那个图100%锁止的差速器的
曲线起点在50%处的原因(那是从一片论文里截得图),因为不管怎么说,你能发挥的
动力就是这么多了。
回到你的40%lock clutch type LSD,假定你完全没有preload,姑且假定你象前面100%
锁止的情况一样,你总共施加给差速器的扭矩是50%。记得离合器的接合压力是正比于
输入扭矩的,所以这是离合器传递的扭矩就是50%的40%,也就是20%。因为此时另一侧
车轮得到的扭矩为0,所以附着良好的一侧的车轮全部的扭矩都来自离合器,也就是其
实你只能发挥20%的动力。问题来了,前面我们假定你能发挥50%的动力,如果我们必须
调整这个假定到20%,那么离合器传递的动力实际上是20%的40%,也就是8%……以此类
推,迭代下去你会发现,这时离合器能传递的扭矩实际上是0……当然,我讲的是稳态
,实际上瞬间车轮悬空时由于车轮和半轴的转动惯量,你还是能获得一点阻力的,这就
为附着良好的一侧提供了获得一点动力的前提。不过这已经不是我想讨论的范畴了,我
讨论的是稳态的情况,而且瞬间车轮悬空是否能给让对侧车轮保持某种程度的动力并非
一个多大的问题。
上述分析还隐含了一条信息。如果设定preload,则上述情况发生时对侧车轮还是可以
获得动力的。但要想有significant的动力,preload就得很大,这种情况一般来说是很
少见的……
come
and
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : Let’s continue on our friendly discussion on LSDs as some of us have : different understanding and opinion regarding to them. Hopefully we can come : to the same fact at the end so we can all learn something from it. : Let’s say I have a Clutch type 1.5 Way LSD which has 40/65 ramp angle, and : 40%locking, very low to no preload. : What happens when you accelerating through the corner and the inside wheel : lifts? : Copied from last reply: : You miss the part where the Clutch Lock up to remain the %lock at 40%. L=> : 30%. you obviously will lose that 30% as that wheel gets lifted, but you
|
p******y 发帖数: 42 | 4 为什么一侧离地了还要猛踩着油门企图在着地的一边获得动力?如果有扭矩那这种时候
应该maintainance throttle等待稳定着地吧 或者说 正是因为着地一侧没有获得多少
扭矩所以其实你不用刻意调整油门 两种情况着地一侧有多少扭矩都没用上啊 所以这个
case结果如何意义在哪里? |
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 5 To answer your first question: you scenario is not really accurate, as you
missed the transaxle in the middle. So you should consider the same towel,
with a “third hand(Clutch)” in the middle that Locks the movement, in that
case yes you can use 100% of your one hand strength to dry the towel.
A 100% lock, aka Spool, will have the wheel turning at the same speed at all
time. so if one wheel lifted then the other will get 100% of the torque,
not 50%, assuming that the tire traction is adequate. For a clutch type LSD
with a 40% lock, the tire with greater traction will get max 70% of torque
where the other gets minimum 30%.
100%
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 你先想这么一个问题,什么叫做“扭矩” : 如果你两手拧毛巾,其中一手完全不使劲,毛巾是没法拧干的,对吧?如果那只手不是 : 完全放松,只是使一半劲,毛巾被拧的程度就只能和两只手都使一半劲一样 : 再想一下驱动轮完全被架空的情况下轰油门,这和空档轰油门一样,你没有发挥任何扭 : 矩,动力只是让你的引擎很快彪到红线乃至断油。这种情况下你要让整个系统达到某个 : 稳态,引擎就只能保持怠速了。 : 现在回到你的问题。假设你的车是RWD,两个车轮都有良好附着力时,你获得的牵引力 : 记做100%。那么如果一侧车轮完全失去附着力,另一侧附着力保持完好,对于一个100% : lock的差速器会发生什么情况呢?这时你能发挥的总的牵引力是50%,因为只有一个车 : 轮能起作用。可以你的引擎不是能提供大一倍的动力吗?是,但是这就回到了前面的问
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 6 transaxle?what do you mean?
that
all
LSD
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : To answer your first question: you scenario is not really accurate, as you : missed the transaxle in the middle. So you should consider the same towel, : with a “third hand(Clutch)” in the middle that Locks the movement, in that : case yes you can use 100% of your one hand strength to dry the towel. : A 100% lock, aka Spool, will have the wheel turning at the same speed at all : time. so if one wheel lifted then the other will get 100% of the torque, : not 50%, assuming that the tire traction is adequate. For a clutch type LSD : with a 40% lock, the tire with greater traction will get max 70% of torque : where the other gets minimum 30%. :
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 7 So when this happens you can continue to accelerate out of the corner. If
you want to go faster, every moment counts.
And more importantly, if in a mid-corner you suddenly lost all the power on
wheel that’s on the ground, it will create the same effect as lifting
throttle in mid-corner, which is usually a big no no.
【在 p******y 的大作中提到】 : 为什么一侧离地了还要猛踩着油门企图在着地的一边获得动力?如果有扭矩那这种时候 : 应该maintainance throttle等待稳定着地吧 或者说 正是因为着地一侧没有获得多少 : 扭矩所以其实你不用刻意调整油门 两种情况着地一侧有多少扭矩都没用上啊 所以这个 : case结果如何意义在哪里?
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 8 你多用google scholar或者google books搜索吧,差速器相关的书籍和论文一搜一大堆
……
如果很多基本概念和你讲不通的话,我也不知道怎么往下说了。
自从上次和小车车那次,我就明白了,讨论进入这种节凑对我个人来说效费比实在是太
低了……
that
all
LSD
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : To answer your first question: you scenario is not really accurate, as you : missed the transaxle in the middle. So you should consider the same towel, : with a “third hand(Clutch)” in the middle that Locks the movement, in that : case yes you can use 100% of your one hand strength to dry the towel. : A 100% lock, aka Spool, will have the wheel turning at the same speed at all : time. so if one wheel lifted then the other will get 100% of the torque, : not 50%, assuming that the tire traction is adequate. For a clutch type LSD : with a 40% lock, the tire with greater traction will get max 70% of torque : where the other gets minimum 30%. :
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 9 Sorry I meant the drive shaft.
When power applies from the drive shaft to the ring gear it will start
locking the differential, I’m talking about the “third hand” in respond
to your question.
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : transaxle?what do you mean? : : that : all : LSD
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 10 最后再说一遍,你发挥的动力最终取决于traction
我之前的讨论讲的很清楚,假定两个驱动轮能提供的最大traction是100%
那么即使你没有差速器,一个车轮完全没有附着力的时候你能获得的最大总traction也
只是50%
如果这个道理想不通,那就继续想…… |
|
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 11 I read A LOT of them to come to the conclusion I have, thus I sincerely
asking for written articles that explain why I could be wrong. I beg you to
find even just one for me so I can read! I’ll give you baozi.
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 你多用google scholar或者google books搜索吧,差速器相关的书籍和论文一搜一大堆 : …… : 如果很多基本概念和你讲不通的话,我也不知道怎么往下说了。 : 自从上次和小车车那次,我就明白了,讨论进入这种节凑对我个人来说效费比实在是太 : 低了…… : : that : all : LSD
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 12 悬空就没法apply power了……这一侧半轴也相当于一条毛巾,车轮一端的“手”完全
放松了,这条毛巾就没法被拧了,作用力与反作用力的关系还记得吧?这条毛巾没有被
拧它就不会反过来给你差速器这端的“手”反作用力
……
我觉得你很多基本的物理过程并没有想明白,真的要暂时中断这个讨论了,我也要吃午
饭去了,你再自己想想吧……
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : Sorry I meant the drive shaft. : When power applies from the drive shaft to the ring gear it will start : locking the differential, I’m talking about the “third hand” in respond : to your question.
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 13 so far你引用的没有一篇学术论文或书籍吧
改装网站的文章你也不用给我看了,说实话,我根本不会看……
to
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : I read A LOT of them to come to the conclusion I have, thus I sincerely : asking for written articles that explain why I could be wrong. I beg you to : find even just one for me so I can read! I’ll give you baozi.
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 14 Except when your power is less the traction can hold. In a mid-corner and
under hard acceleration, the weight would shift to the outer wheel thus even
increase the traction. So you can definitely have more than 50% of your
useable torque on a single wheel in many situations.
Even at Max. 50%, that is still infinitely better than Open differential,
which it has none.
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 最后再说一遍,你发挥的动力最终取决于traction : 我之前的讨论讲的很清楚,假定两个驱动轮能提供的最大traction是100% : 那么即使你没有差速器,一个车轮完全没有附着力的时候你能获得的最大总traction也 : 只是50% : 如果这个道理想不通,那就继续想……
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 15 Here you go:
https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/
US4679463.pdf
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : so far你引用的没有一篇学术论文或书籍吧 : 改装网站的文章你也不用给我看了,说实话,我根本不会看…… : : to
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 16 And this.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,831,462
"When one of the wheels loses traction with the surface of the road, the
limited slipdifferential or drive mechanism begins to differentiate and
power is transmitted from the engine to the wheel which has lost traction
and that wheel consequently begins to spin while the other wheel is not
driven. When such a situation occurs, it is essential for the differential
to lock so that the side gears are locked with respect to the carrier.
Consequently, both of the side gears rotate at the same speed and the drive
mechanism is not allowed to differentiate. In such a locked up condition,
the wheel which has traction with the road will be driven at the same speed
as the other wheel to thereby move the vehicle. When the vehicle is moved so
that the wheel which lost traction with the road regains traction, the
drive mechanism returns to its original condition where differentiation may
occur. "
http://www.google.com/patents/US3831462 |
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 17 According to these patent articles, pre-load has no direct impact what so
ever on the locking factor, as it is actuated by the ramp angles and clutch
clamping capacities.
The maximum difference between the output torques on either side of the diff
, at any instantaneous moment, can obviously be expressed as a torque. For a
clutch pack LSD, this torque typically expressed as a percentage of the
input torque to the differential, as the more input torque a clutch pack
diff receives (due to the fixed ramp angles inside the diff), the harder the
diff tries to lock the output shafts together.
An example:
Engine outputs 400Nm torque
Combined gearbox and final ratio is 8:1
Diff input torque is 3200Nm
Locking factor is 50%
So maximum difference between the left and right tyres is 50% of 3200Nm, or
1600Nm, meaning one tyre gets at least 800Nm, while the other gets no more
than 2400Nm. This diff could also be expressed as having a torque bias ratio
of 3.0 (2400/800).
Pre-load merely enforces a minimum to this torque difference, so for example
if you were to come off the throttle and the engine produces zero torque (
this engine magically has no engine braking), so your locking factor means
the maxmium torque difference is now 0Nm, or in other words an open diff.
Which you probably don't want, as this can create a very instable feeling
when the engine produces little torque (especially if the setup was relying
on the diff locking to create understeer).
Continuing the example:
Pre-load torque: 100Nm
Thus the crossover point is when the diff input torque drops below (100/50%
or) 200Nm (or for this example gear, when the engine torque drops below
25Nm). Below this torque, the pre-lead is having an effect, above this, it
is not. This torque is around 6% of the maximum torque, so you can see that
pre-load only effects handling when at very low throttle, e.g. on corner
entry. |
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 18 你肯定并没有仔细看我前面的帖子……我一开始就说了,以两侧都附着良好时的最大
traction记做100%
这是我的坐标的定义。实际上有关LSD的文献大多也是这么定义的,比如你贴的一些也
是一样,只不过横坐标换作了throttle或者acceleration,其实还是一回事
你当然可以减少power,比如你减到50%,那在我的坐标下就已经是最大traction的50%
了不是?
……
even
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : Except when your power is less the traction can hold. In a mid-corner and : under hard acceleration, the weight would shift to the outer wheel thus even : increase the traction. So you can definitely have more than 50% of your : useable torque on a single wheel in many situations. : Even at Max. 50%, that is still infinitely better than Open differential, : which it has none.
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 19 what's your point?
你仔细看看这个还是clutch type?
这个加了hydraulic,是clutch type和pump type的混合物
这种综合式LSD还有很多,比如Porsche以前用过的clutch type和viscous综合的
STI的DCCD是电控和clutch type综合的……
你要都算成clutch type机械LSD,那我们就不用讨论了……
pdfs/
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : Here you go: : https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/ : US4679463.pdf
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 20 So, back to the original question, with one wheel lifted, will the clutch
type lsd behave like an Open?
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 你肯定并没有仔细看我前面的帖子……我一开始就说了,以两侧都附着良好时的最大 : traction记做100% : 这是我的坐标的定义。实际上有关LSD的文献大多也是这么定义的,比如你贴的一些也 : 是一样,只不过横坐标换作了throttle或者acceleration,其实还是一回事 : 你当然可以减少power,比如你减到50%,那在我的坐标下就已经是最大traction的50% : 了不是? : …… : : even
|
|
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 21 这个根本是在说LSD一般工作原理,lose traction不等于完全没有traction
我没看到这个专利涉及咱们的话题……
drive
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : And this. : U.S. Pat. No. 3,831,462 : "When one of the wheels loses traction with the surface of the road, the : limited slipdifferential or drive mechanism begins to differentiate and : power is transmitted from the engine to the wheel which has lost traction : and that wheel consequently begins to spin while the other wheel is not : driven. When such a situation occurs, it is essential for the differential : to lock so that the side gears are locked with respect to the carrier. : Consequently, both of the side gears rotate at the same speed and the drive : mechanism is not allowed to differentiate. In such a locked up condition,
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 22 前面已经说,取决于preload,如果你preload足够大,你就能发挥足够大的动力,但受
的负面影响也越大
实际上preload就是你贴的文档里那个数量级50-150Nm,这种preload,你可以自己估算
一下,你仍然只能用很小的油门,否则一样会让悬空车轮和离合器打滑,你实际得到的
动力反而更小……
还有一种情况,你知道,限滑扭矩=C×总扭矩+B,其中B是preload,C是取决于离合器
摩擦系数和cam angle的系数,如果你能让C大于1,那么你就能实现一侧悬空后还能锁
定离合。不过据我所知,C也就是0.1-0.5一般,当然,或许我孤陋寡闻了……
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : So, back to the original question, with one wheel lifted, will the clutch : type lsd behave like an Open?
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 23 见我上一贴
clutch
diff
a
the
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : According to these patent articles, pre-load has no direct impact what so : ever on the locking factor, as it is actuated by the ramp angles and clutch : clamping capacities. : The maximum difference between the output torques on either side of the diff : , at any instantaneous moment, can obviously be expressed as a torque. For a : clutch pack LSD, this torque typically expressed as a percentage of the : input torque to the differential, as the more input torque a clutch pack : diff receives (due to the fixed ramp angles inside the diff), the harder the : diff tries to lock the output shafts together. : An example:
|
i****x 发帖数: 17565 | 24 我花了不少时间自己去理解机械限滑的原理,看了不少youtube视频,最后才明白其实
根本就在于摩擦力。这个东西看视频是看不懂的,因为视频只能显示运动方式,但没法
显示摩擦力的大小和方向。
机械限滑的本质就在于要设计一个用A转B能转动(比如过弯时转速差),但B转A则转不
动(比如一个轮子load减小)的装置。worm drive就是这么个东西。大家不妨看看wiki
上关于worm drive的传力方向的介绍。最后一句话很informative。如果斜角正切值小
于摩擦系数,那么就意味着用B转A时,推动A转动的力的分量(=压力x斜角正切值)永
远没有阻止A转动的摩擦力(=压力x摩擦系数)大,所以B就推不动A。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_drive
Direction of transmission
Unlike with ordinary gear trains, the direction of transmission (input shaft
vs output shaft) is not reversible when using large reduction ratios, due
to the greater friction involved between the worm and worm-wheel, when
usually a single start (one spiral) worm is used. This can be an advantage
when it is desired to eliminate any possibility of the output driving the
input. If a multistart worm (multiple spirals) is used then the ratio
reduces accordingly and the braking effect of a worm and worm-gear may need
to be discounted as the gear may be able to drive the worm.
Worm gear configurations in which the gear cannot drive the worm are said to
be self-locking. Whether a worm and gear will be self-locking depends on
the lead angle, the pressure angle, and the coefficient of friction; however
, it is approximately correct to say that a worm and gear will be self-
locking if the tangent of the lead angle is less than the coefficient of
friction. |
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 25 这个帖子里我们在讨论clutch type,和基于worm gear之类的Torsen A不是一回事啦
wiki
【在 i****x 的大作中提到】 : 我花了不少时间自己去理解机械限滑的原理,看了不少youtube视频,最后才明白其实 : 根本就在于摩擦力。这个东西看视频是看不懂的,因为视频只能显示运动方式,但没法 : 显示摩擦力的大小和方向。 : 机械限滑的本质就在于要设计一个用A转B能转动(比如过弯时转速差),但B转A则转不 : 动(比如一个轮子load减小)的装置。worm drive就是这么个东西。大家不妨看看wiki : 上关于worm drive的传力方向的介绍。最后一句话很informative。如果斜角正切值小 : 于摩擦系数,那么就意味着用B转A时,推动A转动的力的分量(=压力x斜角正切值)永 : 远没有阻止A转动的摩擦力(=压力x摩擦系数)大,所以B就推不动A。 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_drive : Direction of transmission
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 26 Thank you for the replies.
My understanding is that it should be very easy to increase C where you just
increase Ramp angle and use more aggressive clutch plates. Then again you
will ended up with a high locking lsd that behave more like a spool.
Are we come to the conclusion now that IF the clutch CAN fully engage with
one wheel off the ground, then on the other wheel you get torque depends on
locking factor(for example 40% you can get max 70%)? Assuming no preload.
Then the next question become, why many of you believe that clutch type wont
lock up with on wheel off the ground? Again, no preload.
I failed to see which part of the clutch type LSD is preventing itself from
engaging the clutch, when one wheel off ground, no preload.
While many manufacture claim their lsd work in such a condition, and
advertised it as the big advantage against the Gear type, I am more confused
.
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 前面已经说,取决于preload,如果你preload足够大,你就能发挥足够大的动力,但受 : 的负面影响也越大 : 实际上preload就是你贴的文档里那个数量级50-150Nm,这种preload,你可以自己估算 : 一下,你仍然只能用很小的油门,否则一样会让悬空车轮和离合器打滑,你实际得到的 : 动力反而更小…… : 还有一种情况,你知道,限滑扭矩=C×总扭矩+B,其中B是preload,C是取决于离合器 : 摩擦系数和cam angle的系数,如果你能让C大于1,那么你就能实现一侧悬空后还能锁 : 定离合。不过据我所知,C也就是0.1-0.5一般,当然,或许我孤陋寡闻了……
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 27 cam angle(或者叫你说的ramp angle)增加后不仅仅提高了C,它也意味着LSD动作更快
,你可能只用很小的油门就能让它达到最大的接合压力,这个设定不是不能实现,但根
本就不好用,很多cam angle很aggressive的LSD都有突然介入等等问题,或许你泡改装
论坛久了觉得这样的东西很普遍,但以原厂车的refinement要求,没人用这样的东西。
为什么大厂的原厂车的LSD都来自BorgWarner、Magna、GKN、ZF等等这样的大供应商,
为什么你熟悉的那些aftermarket供货商很少有机会拿到这样的大合同呢?咱们可能切
入的角度不同,视角不同,对很多东西的理解就不同吧……
btw,光提高cam angle不见得就能让C大于1,还要考虑摩擦系数问题。摩擦系数其实不
难提高,但是随之而来的就是散热和寿命的问题,这一样回到改装件和原厂件不同的出
发点的问题了……
just
on
wont
from
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : Thank you for the replies. : My understanding is that it should be very easy to increase C where you just : increase Ramp angle and use more aggressive clutch plates. Then again you : will ended up with a high locking lsd that behave more like a spool. : Are we come to the conclusion now that IF the clutch CAN fully engage with : one wheel off the ground, then on the other wheel you get torque depends on : locking factor(for example 40% you can get max 70%)? Assuming no preload. : Then the next question become, why many of you believe that clutch type wont : lock up with on wheel off the ground? Again, no preload. : I failed to see which part of the clutch type LSD is preventing itself from
|
i****x 发帖数: 17565 | 28 爬不动楼,就随便发表了点自己的无关见解。。。
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 这个帖子里我们在讨论clutch type,和基于worm gear之类的Torsen A不是一回事啦 : : wiki
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 29 之前贴的图应该是假设preload=0的,我自己做了个带preload的图,preload设定是相
当于最大输出扭矩的5%,也就是假定最大总输出2000Nm的车上设到100Nm的preload,应
该不算小了
locking factor是%40 |
e**n 发帖数: 1326 | 30 没有preload, c再大也不行啊,一个轮子空转后,spider gear的那根cross shaft不吃
力,无力推动cam ramp. 要是有preload, C>1,或许有戏。。。
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 前面已经说,取决于preload,如果你preload足够大,你就能发挥足够大的动力,但受 : 的负面影响也越大 : 实际上preload就是你贴的文档里那个数量级50-150Nm,这种preload,你可以自己估算 : 一下,你仍然只能用很小的油门,否则一样会让悬空车轮和离合器打滑,你实际得到的 : 动力反而更小…… : 还有一种情况,你知道,限滑扭矩=C×总扭矩+B,其中B是preload,C是取决于离合器 : 摩擦系数和cam angle的系数,如果你能让C大于1,那么你就能实现一侧悬空后还能锁 : 定离合。不过据我所知,C也就是0.1-0.5一般,当然,或许我孤陋寡闻了……
|
|
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 31 有preload的话C比1小也可以,但preload为0,C>1,只要动力不超过临界点,clutch自
己能传递的动力就能维持自己需要的压力了,所以离合能锁住,没有traction的轮子也
不会飞车的,它会和有traction的轮子同步转动
【在 e**n 的大作中提到】 : 没有preload, c再大也不行啊,一个轮子空转后,spider gear的那根cross shaft不吃 : 力,无力推动cam ramp. 要是有preload, C>1,或许有戏。。。
|
e**n 发帖数: 1326 | 32 恩,preload为0,C>1,这个其实有点正反馈的意思。前提是初始条件要〉0,也就是轮
子离地前那个LSD必须要有一部分engage了。
极端的情况,如果轮子已经飞起来打滑了,也就是初始条件/clutch自己能传递的动力
是0,再想去锁离合,是不是就不行了? 呃如果不考虑加速轮子空转的那个load的话。
。。
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 有preload的话C比1小也可以,但preload为0,C>1,只要动力不超过临界点,clutch自 : 己能传递的动力就能维持自己需要的压力了,所以离合能锁住,没有traction的轮子也 : 不会飞车的,它会和有traction的轮子同步转动
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 33 嗯,离合如果滑移率超过30%估计就困难了,超过100%肯定没戏了……
【在 e**n 的大作中提到】 : 恩,preload为0,C>1,这个其实有点正反馈的意思。前提是初始条件要〉0,也就是轮 : 子离地前那个LSD必须要有一部分engage了。 : 极端的情况,如果轮子已经飞起来打滑了,也就是初始条件/clutch自己能传递的动力 : 是0,再想去锁离合,是不是就不行了? 呃如果不考虑加速轮子空转的那个load的话。 : 。。
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 34 sorry,前面的图画错了,40%lock应该是这样的
同时画了一个假定C=1的。
两个都假定没有preload |
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 35 我这帖子说了一句很stupid的话,“C大于1”,实际上C最大也只能是1,因为你不可能
让离合器传递超过总量的动力……
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 前面已经说,取决于preload,如果你preload足够大,你就能发挥足够大的动力,但受 : 的负面影响也越大 : 实际上preload就是你贴的文档里那个数量级50-150Nm,这种preload,你可以自己估算 : 一下,你仍然只能用很小的油门,否则一样会让悬空车轮和离合器打滑,你实际得到的 : 动力反而更小…… : 还有一种情况,你知道,限滑扭矩=C×总扭矩+B,其中B是preload,C是取决于离合器 : 摩擦系数和cam angle的系数,如果你能让C大于1,那么你就能实现一侧悬空后还能锁 : 定离合。不过据我所知,C也就是0.1-0.5一般,当然,或许我孤陋寡闻了……
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 36 假如这个是事实,那您推荐badname用1.5 clutch而非torsen的理由是?
效的
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 我这帖子说了一句很stupid的话,“C大于1”,实际上C最大也只能是1,因为你不可能 : 让离合器传递超过总量的动力……
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 37 因为一般情况下clutch type就够用,而clutch type选择多,cost effective,更
tunable
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 假如这个是事实,那您推荐badname用1.5 clutch而非torsen的理由是? : : 效的
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 38 假如说我现在在torsen和clutch lsd之间选择,价钱都一样,同样的locking factor,
后驱车,后轮悬挂很硬并且用的超硬的swaybar,车子torque不到260,track use only
你会推荐哪种Lsd?理由?
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 因为一般情况下clutch type就够用,而clutch type选择多,cost effective,更 : tunable
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 39 clutch type应该比Torsen便宜吧……如果价钱一样,只考虑track use,也不需要调整
设定的话,Torsen B应该不错
only
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 假如说我现在在torsen和clutch lsd之间选择,价钱都一样,同样的locking factor, : 后驱车,后轮悬挂很硬并且用的超硬的swaybar,车子torque不到260,track use only : 你会推荐哪种Lsd?理由?
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 40 价钱上好的clutch type比torsen贵。刚刚收到一车友回的邮件,我想我大概明白了。
我算是对了一半错了一半。
首先看这个链接,具体看Progressive/Locking Clutch (Positraction or Salisbury
type),我的理解也都是基于这个类型的lsd,所以当你说preload决定一轮抬起后有无
动力我无法理解因为你说的是passive clutch。估计这种lsd没有人用吧?
http://www.houseofthud.com/differentials.htm
根据以上设计,完全静止没有任何input,另一个轮抬起clutch确实锁不起来。这个我
一直理解错了,先抱歉下。但是,mid-corner加速时是有input的,这样即便此时一轮
抬起lsd一样能锁死保持动力输出平稳过弯。同理,加速时如果遇上路不平一轮短暂离
地clutch还是可以保持锁死。
再来看torsen,同样的情况,加速过弯一轮抬起,瞬间全部动力失去相当于mid-corner
松油门,非常危险。直线加速路不平时一轮瞬间抬起会导致抬起的轮疯转而无法平稳加
速。
基于以上原因,大部分road racer和rally racer用lsd,而不是ATB。
这样一来大家都说clutch type比torsen predictable也就说得通了。
玩车的也都不是不差钱,但有谁吃饱了撑没事花4000+买drexler,当你可以1400买
quafie?
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : clutch type应该比Torsen便宜吧……如果价钱一样,只考虑track use,也不需要调整 : 设定的话,Torsen B应该不错 : : only
|
|
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 41 我前面说的限滑扭矩=C x 总有效扭矩 +B的公式就是根据Salisbury的,其实大多数
典型的clutch type都是一样的。
不过我前面说错了,C不是小于等于1,而是小于等于0.5,这就是为什么文献里C通常在
0.1-0.5之间的原因,之前我没仔细想过这个问题。如果一个clutch type LSD达到100
%,我们记做一侧100,另一侧为0,那差速齿轮机构实际上还是50:50分配的,只不过
离合器把一侧的扭矩全部转移到了对侧,所以离合器转移的扭矩上限就是50,也就是说
C其实不可能超过0.5
所以之前的结论应该改成,如果C=0.5,B=0,那么一侧车轮悬空离合器确实可以锁住
。但对于大多数clutch type,C<0.5,那么B=0的话,一侧悬空,如果不考虑该侧的内
摩擦及转动惯量带来的阻力,那么该侧输出的扭矩为0,离合器必须能转移对侧总输出
扭矩的一半才行,也就是说C必须等于0.5才能自持,而我们讨论的情况是C<0.5,所以
这种情况是不可能出现的,这时离合器还是只能完全失效……
不过如果B>0,那么情况又不同了,C<0.5也可能能锁住,也许你之前贴的网站是指这
样的设定吧……不过这样的LSD肯定不适合日用,甚至track use是否合适也值得商榷……
Salisbury
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 价钱上好的clutch type比torsen贵。刚刚收到一车友回的邮件,我想我大概明白了。 : 我算是对了一半错了一半。 : 首先看这个链接,具体看Progressive/Locking Clutch (Positraction or Salisbury : type),我的理解也都是基于这个类型的lsd,所以当你说preload决定一轮抬起后有无 : 动力我无法理解因为你说的是passive clutch。估计这种lsd没有人用吧? : http://www.houseofthud.com/differentials.htm : 根据以上设计,完全静止没有任何input,另一个轮抬起clutch确实锁不起来。这个我 : 一直理解错了,先抱歉下。但是,mid-corner加速时是有input的,这样即便此时一轮 : 抬起lsd一样能锁死保持动力输出平稳过弯。同理,加速时如果遇上路不平一轮短暂离 : 地clutch还是可以保持锁死。
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 42 Torsen价格也看具体规格啊
Salisbury
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 价钱上好的clutch type比torsen贵。刚刚收到一车友回的邮件,我想我大概明白了。 : 我算是对了一半错了一半。 : 首先看这个链接,具体看Progressive/Locking Clutch (Positraction or Salisbury : type),我的理解也都是基于这个类型的lsd,所以当你说preload决定一轮抬起后有无 : 动力我无法理解因为你说的是passive clutch。估计这种lsd没有人用吧? : http://www.houseofthud.com/differentials.htm : 根据以上设计,完全静止没有任何input,另一个轮抬起clutch确实锁不起来。这个我 : 一直理解错了,先抱歉下。但是,mid-corner加速时是有input的,这样即便此时一轮 : 抬起lsd一样能锁死保持动力输出平稳过弯。同理,加速时如果遇上路不平一轮短暂离 : 地clutch还是可以保持锁死。
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 43 请问c如何计算?
你有没有考虑持续加速时的情况?
100
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 我前面说的限滑扭矩=C x 总有效扭矩 +B的公式就是根据Salisbury的,其实大多数 : 典型的clutch type都是一样的。 : 不过我前面说错了,C不是小于等于1,而是小于等于0.5,这就是为什么文献里C通常在 : 0.1-0.5之间的原因,之前我没仔细想过这个问题。如果一个clutch type LSD达到100 : %,我们记做一侧100,另一侧为0,那差速齿轮机构实际上还是50:50分配的,只不过 : 离合器把一侧的扭矩全部转移到了对侧,所以离合器转移的扭矩上限就是50,也就是说 : C其实不可能超过0.5 : 所以之前的结论应该改成,如果C=0.5,B=0,那么一侧车轮悬空离合器确实可以锁住 : 。但对于大多数clutch type,C<0.5,那么B=0的话,一侧悬空,如果不考虑该侧的内 : 摩擦及转动惯量带来的阻力,那么该侧输出的扭矩为0,离合器必须能转移对侧总输出
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 44 我考虑是稳态,加速时还要考虑车轮和半轴的转动惯量,这就不好估计了
C的计算不难,比如你说的40%lock LSD,那么在临界点torque bias是7:3,离合器转
移的扭矩是2,所以C=0.2
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 请问c如何计算? : 你有没有考虑持续加速时的情况? : : 100
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 45 VAC和我Clutch lsd的%locking 是变量,0-100%lock 取决于我的动力input。40%是指
允许的两轮最大扭矩差
他们实在BS我么? |
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 46
换句话说,locking factor实际上就是B和C决定的,B=0,那么讨论C就是讨论locking
factor
C=0.5就是100%lock的LSD,这就是硬轴了,所以实际使用的LSD通常不超过50%lock
也就是C<0.25
但是有B的话C就可以更小了
也就是说,如果某clutch type在一侧悬空时还能发挥20%的最大扭矩,那就是要求这
时离合器转移其中的一半,也就是10%,如果已知C=0.2,也就很容易求出B必须是相
当于6%的最大扭矩,假定最大扭矩是2000Nm,preload就是120Nm,这个还是
reasonable的,所以你以前说的品牌说提供这样的设定确实是可能的,我之前武断了,
抱歉啦
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : VAC和我Clutch lsd的%locking 是变量,0-100%lock 取决于我的动力input。40%是指 : 允许的两轮最大扭矩差 : 他们实在BS我么?
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 47 呵呵你考虑稳量,可赛车时刻都在动啊。忽然觉得这些讨论貌似像车手和工程师对话
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 我考虑是稳态,加速时还要考虑车轮和半轴的转动惯量,这就不好估计了 : C的计算不难,比如你说的40%lock LSD,那么在临界点torque bias是7:3,离合器转 : 移的扭矩是2,所以C=0.2
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 48 咱们说的是两回事,通常作为LSD指标说的locking factor是指在临界点的%lock
动态的locking确实能达到100%,就好比之前的例子6% preload,40%lock的LSD在一
侧悬空还能锁住离合,此时套公式算出来的动态%lock就是100%了,但这不能用来描
述LSD的规格了,就好比引擎标最大功率400hp,只是说full load下某转速这么一个特
定工况功率是400hp,也不是说它永远都在输出400hp啊……
locking factor = (H-L) / (H + L)
torque bias ratio = H / L
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : VAC和我Clutch lsd的%locking 是变量,0-100%lock 取决于我的动力input。40%是指 : 允许的两轮最大扭矩差 : 他们实在BS我么?
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 49 复杂的分析肯定要考虑动态,但是我们没有任何数据,讨论动态的话就等于说不要讨论
了嘛……
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 呵呵你考虑稳量,可赛车时刻都在动啊。忽然觉得这些讨论貌似像车手和工程师对话
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 50 修正过我之前的分析后可以看到,clutch type确实可以调到一侧车轮悬空还能锁住离
合的设定,而同时locking factor、preload还可以保持正常使用也比较合理的范围。
这样的话,的确是相对于Torsen的一大优点,不过我看了下,现在helical LSD也有能
提供preload的了……
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 呵呵你考虑稳量,可赛车时刻都在动啊。忽然觉得这些讨论貌似像车手和工程师对话
|
|
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 51 有没有链接我可以看下?感兴趣它是怎么工作的
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 修正过我之前的分析后可以看到,clutch type确实可以调到一侧车轮悬空还能锁住离 : 合的设定,而同时locking factor、preload还可以保持正常使用也比较合理的范围。 : 这样的话,的确是相对于Torsen的一大优点,不过我看了下,现在helical LSD也有能 : 提供preload的了……
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 52 我也没有仔细研究过,刚找到这个GKN的广告文:
http://www.gkn.com/driveline/about-us/Documents/datasheets/Heli
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 有没有链接我可以看下?感兴趣它是怎么工作的
|
c***x 发帖数: 628 | 53 这个我觉得它preload的意义不是恨大吧,这个是给中轴的,两个前轮或两个后轮都离
地的机会太小啦,所以torsen给中轴多。 |
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 54 没有啦,这个主要用在驱动桥差速器,虽然也可以用作中差,但还没有听说过那个车用
的……
【在 c***x 的大作中提到】 : 这个我觉得它preload的意义不是恨大吧,这个是给中轴的,两个前轮或两个后轮都离 : 地的机会太小啦,所以torsen给中轴多。
|
e**n 发帖数: 1326 | 55 这个不对吧?
假设在一侧悬空时还能发挥20%的最大扭矩的稳态,那么吃在LSD上的有效总扭矩只有
20% * 2000nm = 400nm.
你代入那个公式的时候 "限滑扭矩=C x 总有效扭矩 +B" ,总有效扭矩只能用到
400nm不能用
2000nm吧。
其实我觉得应该用数列的方式来想,
假设torque sensitive LSD的 clutch pack 可以提供 applied torque * 20% 的摩擦
力(左右扭矩差)。
初始的Load由preload提供, 100nm. 也就是说没有任何的torque sensitive 设计的话
,一侧悬空时总的applied torque就是那着地单轮的100nm.
然后就是因为有了这个100nm的applied load,torque sensitive提供了20%的
additional friction => 100 + 20nm, applied torque is now 120nm.
然后 120 × 20% clutch pack is providing total 24nm friction, applied torque
is then 100 + 24.
then clutch pack provides 124* 0.2 = 25, applied torque is now 100+25...依此
循环。
最后出来的结果应该是 100 /(1-0.2)= 125nm,这个就是总的applied torque,也是着
地的那个轮子提供的traction.
你之前说的那个c=0.5的状态,就是系数大等于1的时候,只要有一点的load,不论是从
preload来还是从转动惯来来,都可以lockup. cam ramp设计的很平的话可以达到这种
正反馈的状态。
locking
lock
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 没有啦,这个主要用在驱动桥差速器,虽然也可以用作中差,但还没有听说过那个车用 : 的……
|
c*********r 发帖数: 19468 | 56 总扭矩400Nm,所以差速器内部是一边200Nm,但一侧的200Nm被离合全部转移到了对侧
由于preload是120Nm,C=0.2,那么0.2*400+120=200,刚刚好
【在 e**n 的大作中提到】 : 这个不对吧? : 假设在一侧悬空时还能发挥20%的最大扭矩的稳态,那么吃在LSD上的有效总扭矩只有 : 20% * 2000nm = 400nm. : 你代入那个公式的时候 "限滑扭矩=C x 总有效扭矩 +B" ,总有效扭矩只能用到 : 400nm不能用 : 2000nm吧。 : 其实我觉得应该用数列的方式来想, : 假设torque sensitive LSD的 clutch pack 可以提供 applied torque * 20% 的摩擦 : 力(左右扭矩差)。 : 初始的Load由preload提供, 100nm. 也就是说没有任何的torque sensitive 设计的话
|
e**n 发帖数: 1326 | 57 恩那就对了,我误以为你把总扭矩2000直接乘上c了,应该是用最后的400乘以c.
【在 c*********r 的大作中提到】 : 总扭矩400Nm,所以差速器内部是一边200Nm,但一侧的200Nm被离合全部转移到了对侧 : 由于preload是120Nm,C=0.2,那么0.2*400+120=200,刚刚好
|