s******t
发帖数: 2511 | 1 [人物] John Henry Newman
倘若大丈夫不能力挽千钧，除暴安良，那就应该像约翰纽曼这样勇于追求真理，有着“
道之所在，虽千万人吾往矣”的气概。记得中学里读辜鸿铭的文章，辜鸿铭写过一本书
，叫做《中国牛津运动》，把当时的两江总督张之洞比作英国的约翰纽曼，从此“牛津
运动”这个词就在我的脑子里有了印象。很可惜，出了这位顽固保守不开化不肯剪掉辫
子的辜鸿铭的文章，我并没有在其他任何中文书籍里看到“牛津运动”的相关内容。
十多年后的今天，我又和“牛津运动”邂逅了，再一次地，我遇到了这位执着渊博的纽
曼主教。纽曼曾经是一位英国国教会（圣公会）的牧师。在经历了很长时间的属灵思考
和笔记（see his Tract系列，纽曼的心灵之旅）之后，他于1845年皈依了罗马天主教
，逐年地担任了神父、主教、枢机的职务。那个时候，虽然离开亨利八世已经三百多年
了，但是英国依旧普遍充斥着对天主教有强烈反感。纽曼的皈依之旅是非常坎坷的。他
的家庭成员和他几乎断绝了联系，而他的大学牛津也以他为耻。但是，面对逆境，纽曼
对于信仰的执着追求依旧带来了一系列的成果。他学问渊博，可以深刻讨论理性、情感
、想像力与信仰的关系，虽然他知道人的智力是有极限但他仍勇敢地为理智辩护。他执
着地重拾了罗马教会的源头与核心价值，重整短暂失落了的礼仪、体制、神学和圣乐，
因此成为了19世纪初叶到中叶英国教会“牛津运动”的极为重要的核心人物。他的思想
游刃于英国国教会和天主教会之间，即为圣公会进行了拨正，也为天主教会注入了新的
活力血液。他对于罗马天主教的影响相当大，尤其对第二次梵蒂冈会议纽曼的思想深具
影响力。2010年，约翰纽曼被本笃十六封为真福圣人。
以下是我整理的关于John Herny Newman的一些资料。
His "personal page"
http://www.newmanreader.org/
纽曼小传
Dates Event
1801 Born in London Feb 21
1808 To Ealing School
1816 First conversion
1817 To Trinity College, Oxford
1822 Fellow, Oriel College
1825 Ordained Anglican priest
1828-43 Vicar, St. Mary the Virgin
1845 Received into Catholic Church
1847 Ordained Catholic priest in Rome
1848 Founded English Oratory
1854-58 Rector, Catholic University of Ireland
1859 Opened Oratory school
1864 Published Apologia (picture)
1877 Elected first honorary fellow, Trinity College
1879 Created cardinal by Pope Leo XIII
1885 Published last article
1888 Preached last sermon Jan 1
1889 Said last Mass on Christmas Day (picture)
1890 Died in Birmingham Aug 11
John Henry Newman began his career as an Anglican churchman and scholar and
ended it as a Roman Catholic cardinal. He was born in London on February 21,
1801, and at the age of fifteen, he enrolled in Trinity College, beginning
an association with Oxford University that would last for nearly thirty
years.
Newman moved from Trinity to Oriel College after receiving his bachelor's
degree in 1820, becoming a fellow in 1822 and a tutor in 1826. Two years
later, Edward Hawkins became the new provost of Oriel. Newman supported
Hawkins' candidacy, but it soon became clear that the two held different
views about the responsibilities of a college tutor: Newman believed that
the tutorship carried some pastoral duties, while Hawkins maintained that
the tutor/student relationship should be strictly academic. When Newman
objected to this view, Hawkins cut off his supply of new students, leaving
him little choice but to resign his post, which he did in 1832.
Newman's work in Oxford did not end with his resignation from the Oriel
tutorship. He had held academic and pastoral assignments simultaneously for
several years, serving first as both fellow of Oriel and curate of St.
Clement's and later as both tutor and vicar of St. Mary's. He remained in
his pastoral office until 1843, attracting hundreds of students, university
officials, and townspeople to St. Mary's [this church's UK site] with his
scholarly yet earnest preaching.
The high point of Newman's Anglican career was his influential role in the
Oxford Movement, a High Church effort to return to the foundations of the
faith--the sacraments, episcopal governance, and apostolic succession--and
to affirm the Church's status as the via media, the middle ground between
Roman Catholicism's unfounded claims to authority and infallibility and the
Dissenters' equally unfounded emphasis upon spiritual liberty and private
judgment. The Movement began on July 14, 1833, when John Keble delivered a
sermon entitled "National Apostasy" (full text)from the pulpit of St. Mary's
. Newman became involved a few months later and was the Movement's primary
spokesman, promoting its doctrinal and moral concerns through his editorship
of the British Critic, his contributions to Tracts for the Times, and his
weekly sermons at St. Mary's.
In 1839, Newman began to lose confidence in the cause. The study of the
Monophysites he undertook that summer raised doubts about the validity of
the via media, and he soon became convinced that Rome, not Canterbury, was
the home of the true Church. He expressed his new views in Tract Ninety, in
which he argued that the Thirty-Nine Articles, the doctrinal statement of
the Church of England, could be interpreted in a way that supported Roman
Catholic doctrine. The Tract was published on February 27, 1841; its censure
by the Oxford authorities on March 15 was a severe blow to the Movement and
led to Newman's rapid withdrawal from Anglican life. Between July 1841 and
September 1843, he left the British Critic, moved from Oxford to a semi-
monastic community at Littlemore, retracted the anti-Catholic statements he
had published, and resigned his position at St. Mary's.
Two years after leaving St. Mary's, Newman began a new life as a Roman
Catholic. He was officially received into the Church on October 9, 1845 and
was ordained to the priesthood the next year. His work with the Church
included establishing the Oratory of St. Philip Neri near Birmingham in 1848
and helping to create the Catholic University of Ireland, which he served
as rector from 1854 to 1858. He continued to write as well; some of the
major publications of his Catholic years were Parochial and Plain Sermons (
1868), a new edition of his Anglican discourses; The Idea of University (
1852), a collection of the inaugural lectures for the Catholic University
and other academic essays; An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (1870), a
treatise on the philosophy of religion; and Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864),
his classic work of spiritual autobiography.
The 1870s brought Newman special recognition for his work as both an
Anglican and a Roman Catholic. In 1877 he became the first person elected to
an honorary fellowship of Trinity College; two years later, Pope Leo XIII
awarded him a place in the College of Cardinals. He died on August 11, 1890,
and was buried in Warwickshire. His epitaph reads, "Ex umbris et imaginibus
in veritatem"--"out of shadows and pictures into truth."
http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/newman/jhnbio2.html
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10794a.htm
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Neman's Theologian
Around 1830, Newman developed a distinction between natural religion and
revealed religion. Revealed religion is the Judeo-Christian revelation which
finds its fulfilment in Jesus Christ. Natural religion refers to the
knowledge of God and divine things that has been acquired outside the Judeo-
Christian revelation. For Newman, this knowledge of God is not the result of
unaided reason but of reason aided by grace, and so he speaks of natural
religion as containing a revelation, even though it is an incomplete
revelation.
Footnote: Natural theology is a branch of theology based on reason and
ordinary experience. Thus it is distinguished from revealed theology (or
revealed religion) which is based on scripture and religious experiences of
various kinds; and also from transcendental theology, theology from a priori
reasoning.
我比较喜欢这类风格的神学！Based on reasoning and nature, not just based on
the Bible and old Jewish tradition!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_theology
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纽曼的著作 online resources
http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/newman/works.html
Poetry
The Lyra Apostolica (1836)
"Day-Labourers" ("The Prospects of the Church")
"The Haven"
"The Pillar of the Cloud"
"Uzzah and Obed-Edom"
The Dream of Gerontius [commentary]
Fiction
Callista : a Tale of the Third Century (E-text)
Loss and Gain [E-text at Project Gutenberg]
Autobiography
Apologia pro Vita Sua
E-text at Project Gutenberg
Liberalism
Theology
An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (E-text)
An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845)
"evolutionary view of scripture
The Via Media
Sermons
"Moses the Type of Christ" text 鈥?commentary"
Pisgah Sights in "Moses the Type of Christ"
Parochial and Plain Sermons, vol 7 (E-text)
Parochial and Plain Sermons, vol 8 (E-text)
Education
The Idea of a University
E-text at Project Gutenberg
Newman and the Idea of an Electronic University
& Amazon link:
http://www.amazon.com/John-Henry-Newman/e/B000AQ4HL2
The most cruical work by John Newman: Tract No 90:
http://www.newmanreader.org/works/viamedia/volume2/tract90/inde
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Appendix:
The Oxford Movement 牛津运动
http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/tractarian.html
The Oxford Movement was a movement of High Church Anglicans, eventually
developing into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, whose members were often
associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of
lost Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy
and theology. They conceived of the Anglican Church as one of three
branches of the Catholic Church.
It was also known as the Tractarian Movement after its series of
publications Tracts for the Times, published between 1833 and 1841. The
group was also disparagingly called Newmanites (pre-1845) and Puseyites (
post-1845) after two prominent Tractarians, John Henry Newman and Edward
Bouverie Pusey. Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble, Charles
Marriott, Richard Hurrell Froude, Robert Wilberforce, Isaac Williams and
William Palmer.
Newman and the Oxford Movement
http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/chesterton.html |
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