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发帖数: 6300 | 1 Is Logic an Absolute?
by
Roger Smalling, D.Min
There exists a small category of realities termed primordial. These require
no proof of existence beyond themselves. Time and space are good examples.
Empty space would exist even if nothing else did. We need not try to prove
or explain them. They just are.
Time is another example of a primordial reality. If we define time as the
relative rate of change between material objects, then it follows that time
could not exist without matter. Or, that the existence of matter forces the
existence of time. The two are inseparable. It may be said that time is
intrinsic to matter or that matter is the instigator of time.
Logic is also a primordial reality, and bares the same relationship to
existence as time does to matter. Logic is intrinsic to reality. It requires
no justification for its existence because reality itself is the initiator
of logic. The mere fact of the existence of anything at all, automatically
puts existence into a relationship with non-existence. This relationship is
logic. Existence versus non-existence, is the foundation of logic.
The foundation of logic is the proposition, a thing is what it is, and is
not what it is not. Aristotle put it formally as A is not non-A at the same
time and in the same relationship. A tree is a tree and is not a non-tree.
It is not a dog, a fish or a cloud. That statement is both reality and logic
at the same time. This basic law of logic is known as the Law of Non-
Contradictions.
Nonsense can therefore be defined as non-reality. Sense is that which
corresponds to reality. It is the verbal or mental conception of the real
world.
Occasionally we hear it said that the Greeks, Aristotle in particular,
invented logic. No, he simply expressed it in comprehensible terms. Was
everyone illogical before Aristotle?
At this point, we must rectify a common misconception. When we talk about
logic in this fundamental sense of existence-versus-non-existence, we are
not referring to an activity of the mind. A star exists whether we perceive
it or not. It bears a star-versus-non-stars relationship with other objects
regardless of anyone's perception.
Most relativists and New Agers would take exception to this since they think
no objective reality exists outside their own minds. This is refutable by
the rhetorical question, "Do any of their own objections have objective
reality, or are these also figments of their own mind?"
The difference between reality and mind is the distinction between a
landscape and a photograph of that landscape. The photo is not the landscape
but merely a representation. In a sense, there is a mental conception in
which the two are inseparable, but not the same. Has anyone ever taken a
photo of a landscape that did not exist? The mind can create nothing more
than representations of realities, not the realities themselves. Likewise,
who would assert that a landscape does not exist merely because no one has
photographed it?
So, the basic law of logic exists independently of mind for the same reason
a star exists in the absence of a mind to perceive it. We must keep it
constantly clear that reality itself produces the basic law of logic, not
the mind.
Because of this, logic requires no more validation of its existence than
does time or space. As time and space need no validation, since there is no
existence without them, so logic needs no validation outside of itself. One
would be foolish to try to disprove the existence of time, because he must
take time to do that. No less of a fool is one who attempts to invalidate
logic. One must use logic itself to do so.
All the statements below follow inevitably from this link between logic and
reality. They require no other authority.
Logic, beyond the basic law of existence, requires mind
People may get confused about the relationship between the basic law of
existence and mind, because they tend to think of that law as a proposition.
A proposition in logic means a statement that forms the basis of an argument
. But the basic law, as stated above, is not a proposition in this sense. It
is simply a reality. Thus, some people, like New Agers, normally treat the
basic law as nothing but an opinion, rather than the inescapable reality
that it is.
Why inescapable? Try thinking a single thought without logic. The mere
existence of the thought puts it in relationship with non-thought. This
automatically involves the law of non-contradictions.
Logic is inescapable for another reason. We assume the conclusion of an
argument is true if the premises are true. We do this simply because our
minds cannot do otherwise.
Where then does mind come in? It comes in at any point beyond the basic law
of Non-Contradictions, when we formulate a proposition. Logic enters because
we cannot keep it out.
Logic is the only means for discovering or evaluating truth
Since the entire basis of logic is the fact of existence, we are compelled
to use logic to prove things. This compulsion is not an accident of human
nature, a mere philosophical choice, nor a product of our culture. We cannot
avoid it if we are going to live in reality.
When we say prove something, we mean we can show some things to be real
whether they are observable or not. We are saying if the premises are real,
and joined logically, then the conclusion must also be real. The subject of
the conclusion must really and truly exist somewhere.
Conversely, when we say that a truth is proven, we mean we have shown a
correlation between the proposition and the reality the proposition
represents. We have, in other words, used logic.
This is obvious enough. What is not apparent to some is that no other way
could possibly exist to prove anything. Regardless of the source of our data
, the data must correlate with reality in some way or we cannot accept it as
real. Without this correlation, the mind must reject the data as unreal,
that is, untrue. The mind must have a device for making this correlation,
and that device is logic.
Even if we assert that other devices exist, such as a supposed divine
revelation, we find ourselves embarrassed if asked, “what logic compelled
you to assert that?” People who claim the existence of other devices for
validating truth invariable use logic to validate that very assertion!
Suppose, for example, that the source of the data were indeed Divine
revelation. Does this change the necessity of logic for validating it? Not
at all. Even if the data is Divine, the mind must correlate it with reality
for it to be understood or believed.
Further, the data involved, however Divine, is still subject to the basic
principle of existence. It exists versus not-existing. Its very existence
subjects it to the first basic law of logic. Thus, Divine revelation cannot
escape this law any more than other data can.
Thus, in terms of the need to correlate data via logic, it does not matter
that God's mind is "higher" than ours, or that our mind is derived from His,
nor that He is the First Cause. These are irrelevancies. Data is still data
and must exist versus not existing.
Since no data, not even Divine, can escape this basic law, it follows that
logic is the only possible means to prove the 'reality' of the data. It does
not matter what kind of truth is being proven, whether Divine or otherwise.
If any other means of proof existed, then by definition it would be a non-
logical or illogical, means. It makes no sense, therefore, to assert any
other means could possibly exist for proving any truth whatsoever, than
logic itself.
Logic and reason are not the same thing
At this point, another common misunderstanding intervenes. Just because a
person thinks a line of argumentation is logical, does not make it so. That
would be like saying that a thing is real if a person imagines it to be so.
Do flying horses exist because somebody believes they do?
Reason is the relative ability to manipulate correctly the laws of logic to
arrive at valid conclusions. While the laws of logic are absolute, our
ability to use them are not. This skill varies from person to person. We all
make logic errors. This is not the fault of logic. It is a fault in our
abilities.
Sometimes people point to philosophers who have come to very strange
conclusions via supposed logic. Supposedly such examples demonstrate that
logic itself is not a very reliable means for asserting truth.
Christians, for example, point out atheistic philosophers and their
reasoning as examples of how logic may fail to arrive at truth. Two problems
reside in this attitude. First, it assumes the atheistic lines of reasoning
are in fact logical. Closer examination invariable shows them irrational.
Second, some Christians forget they themselves are attempting to use a line
of logic to prove an argument. They are using logic to disparage the value
of logic. There is a term in philosophy to describe this. It is called "
cheating".
We all commit logic errors. Voluminous books have been written on the many
ways to commit logic fallacies. These fallacies do not prove logic is
invalid. They only show logic is not always easy. So what? This is a
challenge to handle it carefully.
Truth and validity are not the same thing
If the premises of a line of argument are joined consistently, and the
conclusion follows accurately, then the conclusion is said to be 'valid'.
What if the premises are, in fact, not true? Does this affect the 'validity'
of the argument? Not at all. Logicians distinguish between validity and
truth.
When we say that an argument is valid, we mean that its form is correct.
This statement about validity is not an endorsement of its premises.
Example:
All men have ten fingers.
John is a man.
Therefore, John has ten fingers.
Suppose we meet John and discover that he has only nine. Does this
invalidate the argument? No, because the form is correct. Is the conclusion
true? Again, the answer is no, because the first premise is not true. (Not
all men have ten fingers. Some may be lost in accidents.)
Thus, it is possible for an argument to be valid, but untrue. It is also
possible for the conclusion of an invalid argument to be perfectly true as
well. People often come to true conclusions from a dubious line of logic.
This is accidental of course, but it does not change the truth of the
conclusion. John may indeed have ten fingers, although it is false that all
men do.
Failure to distinguish between truth and validity gets people into trouble.
We may imagine ourselves to be logical because we come to a truth via logic,
when in fact our logic may contain fallacies. Or, we may come to firm
conclusions, totally untrue, based on impeccable logic, because we have
accepted untrue premises.
God's logic is not different from ours in its essential nature.
God Himself knows that He can't exist and not exist at the same time. This
is just as much a manifestation of the basic law of existence as any other
data. He exists versus not existing. Since this is the essential nature of
reality, and if we say that God is the ground of reality as the First Cause,
then it follows the nature of God's logic cannot be essentially different
from ours.
Note that I said, different in "nature". I did not say different in "content
," nor “different in precision.” To reason at all requires data. The more
data we have, the more basis for logical conclusions. The ability to
correlate the data determines the accuracy of the conclusion, (the absence
of fallacies).
If then God knows all things, (possesses all the data) and is all powerful (
has infinite ability), then He never commits the logic errors we do. These
issues of content and precision only and therefore irrelevant to the
question of the essential nature of logic itself.
The law of non-contradictins does not limit God
To suggest that the Law of Non-Contradictions limits God, we would need to
demonstrate first that the Law itself is limited. Since the Law of Non-
Contradictions is a reflection of existence itself, then the question of any
limitations becomes absurd. We would have to associate it with something
finite to make it limited. After all, existence is not non-existence at the
same time and in the same respect. How can that statement possess a
limitation?
The only other way to 'limit' the Law of Non-Contradictions would be
mathematically. If the number of possibilities is finite, we would conclude
God is not 'limited' by it, since He is infinite. However, no one has shown
a mathematical limitation on the Law of Non-Contradictions.
Thus, the question, "Is God limited by the Law of Non-Contradictions?"
simply has no meaning.
The basic law of logic would exist if anything at all exists
If anything exists, even if the anything is God alone, then logic exists by
the nature of the case. The existence of God then bears a relationship to
the idea of the non-existence of God…and that incurs logic.
Does this make logic superior to God? Since God is the ground of all reality
, it would be absurd to state that logic is superior to Him. This is true,
even though logic is a primordial reality, like infinite space.
Logic is the only valid starting point in our understanding of anything,
including God
Some branches of Christendom would consider this statement to be
sacrilegious. Faith is supposed to be the beginning point of everything
having to do with God. This may sound correct but it contains a problem.
Which organ of our anatomy decides that faith comes first? Obviously the
mind makes this decision and operates by logic. Therefore faith is
chronologically secondary to understanding anything, including God.
Nevertheless, chronological priority does not infer supremacy. Logic is
first, but is not superior to God.
True knowledge of any kind, including the knowledge of God, starts therefore
with logic. It cannot start anywhere else.
It is therefore the ultimate absurdity to assert that no true knowledge is
available without first assuming the existence of God. It would be more
accurate to say no true knowledge is possible by such an assumption. It
denies the priority of logic and therefore of reality itself.
Where then does faith come in? Logic may point a person toward faith. But it
can go no further. Trust then becomes a question of will. That is another
subject beyond the scope of this essay.
Is the dialectic a form of logic?
No. The dialectic is a form of illogic.
The German philosopher Hegel, (1770-1831), invented a supposedly superior
form of reasoning which would revolutionize philosophy. It's impact has
truly been revolutionary. It forms the philosophical basis for Dialectical
Materialism, more commonly known as Communism. Liberal Protestantism uses it
to deduce its various theories. Theologian Paul Tillich called it, "The
Protestant Method." In philosophy, the dialectic is the foundation for
relativism and all the post-modern thought forms stemming from it.
The dialectic follows a triangular pattern:
ThesisàAnti-ThesisàSynthesis
The Thesis refers to any proposition affirming a truth. ("White is a good
color.") The Anti-thesis is the opposite of the thesis. ("Black is a bad
color.") The Synthesis is a blend of the two. ("Gray is better than both.")
The synthesis then becomes a new Thesis, which produces a new Anti thesis,
ad infinitum.
A more concrete example:
Thesis = Christianity has some good elements in it.
Anti-thesis = Communism has some good elements also, though opposed to
Christianity.
Let's take the good elements out of each and come up with something superior
to both.
Result? Synthesis. The Social Gospel of Rauschenbusch. Or the Liberation
Theology of Gutierrez. These men arrived at their so-called theology in
exactly this fashion, and said so in their writings.
On the surface, the dialectic seems a reasonable process. How then can we
say it is a form of illogic?
No external standard exists to decide what is good or bad in the
propositions. Who defines the good? Where did this standard originate and
what is the authority for it? Nothing within the dialectic gives clues.
What methodology should we use to validate the dialectic? The Law of Non-
Contradictions? Of course! What else is there? We could not use the
dialectic itself because this would incur circular reasoning.
At this point, the dialectician invariably replies, "The individual decides.
" Why an individual? Why not two individuals, or ten thousand or none at all
? Why not a roulette wheel?
The problem with the dialectic is that it cannot validate itself in the same
way the Law of Non-Contradictions can. Dialecticians invariable use the Law
of Non-Contradictions for this purpose, thus contradicting themselves.
The Law of Non-Contradictions is self-validating in a way in which the
dialectic can never be. It is consistent to use the Law of Non
Contradictions to validate itself because of its intrinsic connection to
reality.
Summary
The nature of logic is reality itself because of the fact of existence.
Anything that exists does so in relation to non-existence, and this is the
essential premise of logic. A denial or disparaging of logic in any sense is
therefore a denial or disparaging of reality itself. Where does it leave us
if we deny reality?
No truth therefore can be discovered or evaluated without logic since the
term truth is merely an assertion about reality. Logic is not only the best
means for evaluating truth, it is the only one that could exist.
Likewise, no truth can be evaluated, discovered or considered as valid which
does not take logic as its starting point. Knowledge cannot be true
knowledge if it starts at any other place than logic.
This is just as true of the knowledge of God as any other knowledge. Even
though data may have its source in revelation, the mind must correlate it
with logic for it to be understood.
Logic becomes indispensable for the same reason we cannot dispose of reality
itself without forfeiting our own existence.
The essential nature of logic, therefore, can be described as a primordial
reality that requires no other validation than reality itself.
Smalling's articles and essays are available at www.smallings.com
http://www.smallings.com/english/Essays/NatureOfLogic.html | E*****m
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