x******g
发帖数: 33885 | 1 最近所有来自中东的，有意思的，对美帝又很意外的消息，我觉得莫过于ISIS这个伊斯
兰武装组织攻城略地，砍头杀人，如赵子龙入无人之境，正步步逼近伊拉克的政治中心
城市，充分体现了“枪杆子里面出政权”的硬道理。最近ISIS (Islamic State from
Iraq and Syria)他们提出要将整个中东地区置于一个哈里发的统治之下。而哈里发(
Caliphate)又是什么意思呢？下面我翻译整理了几段文字,希望对中东历史不是很清楚
的同志们有点帮助。
伊斯兰国(The Islamic State)，以前叫伊拉克和黎凡特（Levant）之伊斯兰国，已经
改了它的名字。但它使用这个名称的武装组织却保持其名不变。不久前，这个武装组织
的发言人宣布，它已经建立了一个哈里发(Caliphate)，从伊拉克的迪亚拉省一直延伸
到叙利亚的阿勒颇。哈里发是一个政治制度，伊斯兰国宣称它将治理全球的穆斯林社区
。 “伊拉克”和“黎凡特”的字眼已从组织的名称中删除，以体现其
新的地位。
可这个宣布带来的问题是，伊斯兰国从来都没有过一个哈里发，大概永远也可能不会有
。不论用什么... 阅读全帖 |
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l****z
发帖数: 29846 | 2 So how’s that old Arab Spring going? You remember — the “Facebook
Revolution.” As I write, they’re counting the votes in Egypt’s
presidential election, so by the time you read this the pecking order may
have changed somewhat. But currently in first place is the Muslim
Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi, who in an inspiring stump speech before
the students of Cairo University the other night told them, “Death in the
name of Allah is our goal.”
Like!
In second place is the military’s man Ahmed Sh... 阅读全帖 |
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g********2
发帖数: 6571 | 3 By James Arlandson
The Timeline
（下面起头的数字是公元的年代）
630 Two years before Muhammad's death of a fever, he launches the Tabuk
Crusades, in which he led 30,000 jihadists against the Byzantine Christians.
He had heard a report that a huge army had amassed to attack Arabia, but
the report turned out to be a false rumor. The Byzantine army never
materialized. He turned around and went home, but not before extracting '
agreements' from northern tribes. They could enjoy the 'privilege' of living
under Islam... 阅读全帖 |
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w**********5
发帖数: 1741 | 4 Prophet Muhammad died in 632 and Abu Bakr, his father-in-law, became the
first caliph of the Islamic state.
The aggressive wars for the purpose of expanding the domain of Islam and
spreading the Islamic faith
continued:
633 CE — Battles at Oman, Hadramaut, Kazima, Walaja, Ulleis, and Anbar
634 CE — Battles of Basra, Damascus and Ajnadin
Caliph Abu Bakr was allegedly assassinated in 634. Omar al-Khattab, another
father-in-law and companion of
the Prophet, became the second caliph. The mission to ... 阅读全帖 |
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G****r
发帖数: 5579 | 5 Goals[edit]
Since at least 2004, a significant goal of the group has been the foundation
of a Sunni Islamic state.[163][164] Specifically, ISIL has sought to
establish itself as a caliphate, an Islamic state led by a group of
religious authorities under a supreme leader—the caliph—who is believed to
be the successor to Prophet Muhammad.[165] In June 2014, ISIL published a
document in which it claimed to have traced the lineage of its leader al-
Baghdadi back to Muhammad,[165] and upon proclaimin... 阅读全帖 |
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G****r
发帖数: 5579 | 6 Goals[edit]
Since at least 2004, a significant goal of the group has been the foundation
of a Sunni Islamic state.[163][164] Specifically, ISIL has sought to
establish itself as a caliphate, an Islamic state led by a group of
religious authorities under a supreme leader—the caliph—who is believed to
be the successor to Prophet Muhammad.[165] In June 2014, ISIL published a
document in which it claimed to have traced the lineage of its leader al-
Baghdadi back to Muhammad,[165] and upon proclaimin... 阅读全帖 |
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R*****d
发帖数: 1148 | 7 夜谈天方(3) 一千零一夜之历史篇 (中)
上篇帖子粗略而笼统地讲述了诃论－迈蒙父子时代的阿拔斯朝，在天方夜谭当中留下的
深刻痕迹，然而一千零一夜这部故事集对历史的涉及，以及相应的地理覆盖范围，均
远远超过了这半个世纪的“盛世”。伊斯兰时代的历史，无论是阿拔斯盛世之前还是后
继，也构成了很大一部分故事的主题或背景。此外，正如前文所说，作为后起的强势征
服者，阿拉伯帝国时代的文化其实是建立在以往的希腊-罗马（既包括基督教之前也包
括基督教时代），波斯，希伯来，甚至于印度文化的基础之上．故此，这些老牌文明的
历史和传说，也自然而然地在一定程度上被天方夜谭所继承。民间故事当中对历史的描
述大都是破碎的，鉴于此，本篇在组织形式上难免也要体现出这种破碎的格局，请读者
见谅。
善于修史，是中华文明最突出的特点之一。历史上的西亚诸政权虽然在多数时间不与中
国的主体王朝直接相邻，但其中很多仍然被中国史官以比较精确客观的态度收录笔下，
如同上篇一样，本篇也从中国正史讲起。
波斯国，都达曷水之西苏蔺城，即条支之故地也。其王字库萨和。
-- 《隋书 列传第四十八 波斯》
波斯萨珊朝君主库萨和，严格地说应该叫... 阅读全帖 |
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T**********e
发帖数: 29576 | 8 Democratic Senate hopeful: Up to 20 percent of Muslims want caliphate
‘They are willing to use and they do use terrorism,’ Rep. Loretta Sanchez
says.
A prominent Democratic congresswoman and Senate candidate said that up to 20
percent of Muslims want to establish an Islamic caliphate and would use "
terrorism" to achieve that goal.
Rep. Loretta Sanchez said Muslims seeking a caliphate are willing to use
terrorism and violence to impose their views on the Western world.
Story Continued Below
“We ... 阅读全帖 |
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p**j
发帖数: 7063 | 9 【 以下文字转载自 Military 讨论区 】
发信人: TravisBickle (Travis), 信区: Military
标 题: 民主党跟进床铺：20%木木要暴力组建伊斯兰政权
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Dec 10 21:59:03 2015, 美东)
Democratic Senate hopeful: Up to 20 percent of Muslims want caliphate
‘They are willing to use and they do use terrorism,’ Rep. Loretta Sanchez
says.
A prominent Democratic congresswoman and Senate candidate said that up to 20
percent of Muslims want to establish an Islamic caliphate and would use "
terrorism" to achieve that goal.
Rep. Loretta Sanchez sai... 阅读全帖 |
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l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 10 。。们
Before the Common Era
---------------------
Simon of Peraea (c. 4 BCE), a former slave of Herod the Great, who
rebelled and was killed by the Romans.
Athronges (c. 4-2? BCE), a shepherd turned rebel leader of a rebellion
with his four brothers against Herod Archelaus and the Romans after
proclaiming himself the Messiah. He and his brothers were eventually
defeated.
1st century
-------------
Jesus (ca. 4 BCE - 30 CE), in Galilee and the Roman province of Judea.
Jews who believed him to be the... 阅读全帖 |
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R*****d
发帖数: 1148 | 11 先听首歌：
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIpB4RjfKzQ
八十年代早期的中国大陆，此歌响彻大街小巷。会唱这首歌但没看过天方夜谭的，恐怕
大有人在。九十年代，迪斯尼的阿拉丁也曾风靡一时。网络时代到来之后，与上面那首
歌大致同名的某网上交易平台，成为了我国人民心目中最易同阿拉伯古典文化发生关联
的事物。此外，航海家辛巴德的故事，也借助于从小儿书到欧美大片等一系列媒介，深
入人心。然而，可能令某些读者失望的是，这些脍炙人口的故事，妇孺皆知的虚构人物
，大多不是本文灌水的重点。如同序章所暗示，本章主要将讨论一千零一夜当中的一些
较多涉及真实历史人物和事件的故事，所以呢，现在我们需要经历一个很无奈的剧变，
从倍感亲切的流行老歌跳到枯燥乏味的二十四史。
“宝应、大历中频遣使来。恭拂卒，子迷地立。迷地卒，子牟栖立，牟栖卒，弟诃论立”
－ 《旧唐书 列传第一百四十八 大食》
旧唐书当中的这个“诃论”，才是天方夜谭当中出场频率最高的人物，称之为该书的大
主角并不过分。按照纳训老先生--一千零一夜... 阅读全帖 |
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w**********5
发帖数: 1741 | 12 687 CE — Battle of Kufa
691 CE — Battle of Deir ul Jaliq
700 CE — Military campaigns in North Africa
702 CE — Battle of Deir ul Jamira
711 CE — Invasion of Gibraltar and conquest of Spain
712 CE — Conquest of Sindh
713 CE — Conquest of Multan
716 CE — Invasion of Constantinople
732 CE — Battle of Tours in France
740 CE — Battle of the Nobles.
741 CE — Battle of Bagdoura in North Africa
744 CE — Battle of Ain al Jurr
746 CE — Battle of Rupar Thutha
748 CE — Battle of Rayy
749 CE — Battle of lsfah... 阅读全帖 |
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z**********e
发帖数: 22064 | 13 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/18/wh
Why was a 9th century Viking woman buried with a ring that says ‘for Allah
’ on it?
By Adam Taylor March 18 (Statens historiska museum / Christer Å
;hlin)
In the modern-era, Scandinavian countries have become known for their
sometimes awkward embrace of migrants from the Arab and Muslim world. But
the history behind that relationship goes back far further than you might
expect.
Consider the case of a ring discovered in ... 阅读全帖 |
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g********2
发帖数: 6571 | 14 YouTube has used its “hate speech” policy to remove a video posted by
CounterJihad that exposed how the Muslim Brotherhood wages what it calls “
Civilization Jihad” in America.
CounterJihad posted the three-minute video, entitled “Killing for a Cause:
Sharia Law & Civilization Jihad,” to Youtube on June 30. The film
meticulously explains how the Muslim Brotherhood’s “Civilization Jihad”
is a crusade to eliminate and destroy Western civilization from within.
Last Thursday, the video was posted to... 阅读全帖 |
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c**i
发帖数: 6973 | 16 Joseph Manning, Beyond the Pharaohs. Wall Street Journal, Mar 19, 2011.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405
2748704893604576200393350126576.html?mod=WSJ_Books_LS_Books_8
(book review on Toby Wilkinson, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt; The
History of a civilization from 3000BC to Cleopatra. London: Bloomsbury (2010
) and Manhattan: Random House (2011))
Quote:
"Known as the Saite period (ca. 650-525 B.C.) because the Egyptian capital
was located at Sais in the western Nile Delta, this pe... 阅读全帖 |
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R*****d
发帖数: 1148 | 17 你说的是这一段吧。。。
哈里发吩咐放下尸体，见他的足跟上刺着两位先贤的姓名，感到惊奇，对宰相说，" 张
尔蕃，尔辽温丁是个笃信的穆斯林，这却是一个邪教徒呀 "
英文版：
Then the Caliph bade take down the body from the gallows tree and they found
the names of the two Shaykhs, Abu Bakr and Omar, written on its heels108
whereupon cried the Caliph, “O Wazir, Ala al Din was a Sunnite, and this
fellow is a Rejecter, a Shi’ah.”
被处死的这个人的确是个什叶派--至少故事当中认为他是什叶派，但是此人的罪名书中
并没有明说，况且他这也是替死。。。另外补一句，对于伊斯兰教来说，“先知”通
常仅指穆罕默德，上文当中那两位Shaykhs（或者写作Sheikh,“贤人”，做为人名的时
候就音译为“谢赫”），没资格做先知。。。
至于一些故事中提到的拜偶像，... 阅读全帖 |
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a******9
发帖数: 20431 | 18 Gaza Crisis: Isis Pledge to Join the Palestinian Fight Against 'Barbaric
Jews'
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Isis) has told the Palestinian
people that it is "only a matter of time" before they reach Palestine to
join the fight against "barbaric Jews".
The Islamic militant group, who last month announced a "Caliphate"
straddling the Iraqi-Syrian border and renamed themselves the Islamic State,
released the provocative statement on an Isis-affiliated Twitter account.
"It is only matte... 阅读全帖 |
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w********t
发帖数: 12853 | 19 土耳其议会投票授权对 ISIS 动武.
Gaziantep, Turkey (CNN) -- Turkey's lawmakers voted Thursday to authorize
military force against the Islamic State terror group in Syria and Iraq,
opening the door to cooperation with a U.S.-led coalition going after ISIS
as its fighters laid siege to towns just south of the Turkish border.
The Turkish Parliament voted 298-98 to not only to let the country's
military leave its borders to go after ISIS and other terror groups, but
also allow foreign troops to launch operations... 阅读全帖 |
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G****e
发帖数: 11198 | 20 【 以下文字转载自 WaterWorld 讨论区 】
发信人: GoBlue (Wolverines), 信区: WaterWorld
标 题: 有关穆斯林总结，一切尽在此回复中
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jan 22 02:32:21 2015, 美东)
有关穆斯林宗教，来自Facebook上Michael Shea的回复:
For all of the “We want peace, let’s welcome our peaceful Muslim brothers
” people out there and all the do-gooders out there, and all those “
Coexist” folks, let me share a little bit of an inconvenient truth about
the world of Islam.
Islam is fundamentally an “expansionist” religion, with no pretenses to
accept or even tole... 阅读全帖 |
|
c******a
发帖数: 4400 | 21 Erdogan is an extremist in disguise. Erdogan dreams of becoming the caliph.
He hides his ambition under the disguise of democracy. He will now push pan-
Turkish unity and build a pan-Islamic Caliphate like the Ottoman empire.
the Gulen movement is the most successful pacifying effort in Islam, and
probably the best hope of modernizing element in Islam. Now Erdogan is
framing things on Gulen, and will cleanse Turkey of any moderate muslims.
Islam is losing its last hope to modernize
https://www.y... 阅读全帖 |
|
发帖数: 1 | 22 In 751, a Chinese nationality general of Goguryeo descent, Gao Xianzhi, led
the Battle of Talas for the Tang dynasty against the Abbasid Caliphate but
was defeated. The earliest reference to Korea in a non-East Asian
geographical work appears in the General Survey of Roads and Kingdoms by
Estakhri in the mid-9th century.Since then, Gao Xianzhi sent first several
Muslim traders to traverse from the Caliphate to Tang China and to establish
contact with Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. |
|
v**e
发帖数: 8422 | 23 CIA 利比亚反叛者们是来自伊拉克的基地武装分子ZT- 到底是谁利用了谁还真难说
来源: 没底 于 2011-10-30
CIA Libya Rebels are Al-Qaeda Fighters From Iraq
Politics / Al-Qeeda Mar 29, 2011 - 07:54 AM
By: Global_Research
Politics
Diamond Rated - Best Financial Markets Analysis ArticleDr. Webster G.
Tarpley writes: “Serpents, thirst, heat, and sand … Libya alone can
present a multitude of woes that it would beseem men to fly from.” Lucan,
Pharsalia
Washington DC, March 24, 2011 — The current military attack on Libya has
been motivated by UN S... 阅读全帖 |
|
e*******o
发帖数: 4654 | 24 =================
Who's Killing Who? A Viewer's Guide
Because you can't tell the players without a pogrom!
Early Man
This generic "cave man" represents the first human settlers in Israel/Canaan
/the Levant. Whoever they were.
Canaanite
What did ancient Canaanites look like? I don't know, so this is based on
ancient Sumerian art.
Egyptian
Canaan was located between two huge empires. Egypt controlled it sometimes,
and...
Assyrian
....Assyria controlled it other times.
Israelite
The "Children of Is... 阅读全帖 |
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l****z
发帖数: 29846 | 25 by wheatington
The Future Must Not Belong To Those Who Slander the Prophet of Islam.
The usurper in the Oval Office is never so firm as when he is defending
barbarians. Odumbo did not threaten the murderers and mayhem-ers. he
threatened those who believe folk have a right to speak their minds.
El Barakbar bin Odumbo has never cared for the Constitution. He complained
on NPR in 2006, that the Constitution restricted government too much! And he
claimed to be a professor of Constitutional Law. It’... 阅读全帖 |
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l****z
发帖数: 29846 | 26 by wheatington
To the surprise of no rational mind with knowledge of Islam, President
Morsilini has grabbed dictatorial powers. Of course he claims he won’t be a
dictator! Hahaha!
The usurper in the White House was a big Arab Spring booster. He has even
sent the new dictator in Egypt about 500 million American buckaroos as a
gift for establishing a caliphate democracy there.
The usurper has made no comment about the Morsilini situation, yet. Perhaps
he is getting his intel from Jiminy Clapper or... 阅读全帖 |
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l****z
发帖数: 29846 | 27 Beheading? 'Magnify That a Million Times Over,' Cheney Says
August 21, 2014 - 7:18 AM
By Susan Jones
(CNSNews.com) - Former Vice President Dick Cheney, who helped push the
United States into war with Iraq in 2003, says "there's no question" that
ISIS terrorists are "very much a threat to the United States, to our friends
and allies, not only in the Middle East but in Europe."
"And when you see them behead an American reporter...that's obviously a
terrible development, but magnify that a million ... 阅读全帖 |
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l****z
发帖数: 29846 | 28 In his continuing effort to whitewash Radical Islamic terror, President
Obama has been heard all over the country scolding the media for “hyping”
the dangers of radical Islam. But now even his own FBI is warning that they
are investigating radical Islamists in all fifty states.
During a recent interview with the liberal Vox.com the president said that
the media “absolutely overstates the risks of terrorism,” essentially
blaming the media for hyping the threat of terror for a brand of “it bleeds
... 阅读全帖 |
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l****z
发帖数: 29846 | 29 By Lee Edwards | May 22, 2015 | 4:07 PM EDT
For more than three decades, they have sought out and killed Americans. In
1983, in one of the first major anti-American attacks, they bombed the
Marine barracks in Beirut, killing 241 American servicemen. In 1992, they
used bombs to kill two people in Aden, Yemen, in hopes of killing American
troops that might be passing through. In February 1993, they used a truck-
based explosive to try and topple the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan.
They fail... 阅读全帖 |
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s*********e
发帖数: 1814 | 30 因为可兰经里面预言会有穆斯林和“罗马人”的末日之战，穆斯林会获得胜利。如果
ISIS遭到攻击，他们会宣布预言灵验而招到更多的人
奥巴马认为，美国的入侵正是ISIS想要的。所以他的策略是不去攻击ISIS
With the legacy media’s obsession with Donald Trump, you may have missed a
stunning admission by the White House about their bizarre non-strategy to
defeat ISIS: Their policy is being dictated by Koranic prophecy.
After President Obama’s Oval Office statement about the San Bernardino
terrorist attack, he was roundly criticized for continuing to push and
defend his obviously failed light-touch “no... 阅读全帖 |
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p*******m
发帖数: 20761 | 31 穆斯林世界[编辑]
维基百科，自由的百科全书
“伊斯兰国家”重定向至此。关于一种政权形式，详见“伊斯兰国 (政权形式)”。
穆斯林世界
伊斯兰国家地图：深绿色为伊斯兰国家，浅绿色为以伊斯兰教为国教的国家，蓝色为世
俗国家，橙色为其他国家
世界各国穆斯林人口数量图
穆斯林世界有几种含义。在宗教意义上说，它是指那些坚持伊斯兰教法的国家。在文化
意义上说，它指的是伊斯兰文明，不包括生活在该文明的非穆斯林（齐米）。在现代的
地缘政治意义上，该术语通常指以穆斯林占多数的国家、地区或城镇。穆斯林的人数介
于12到16亿人，大约占人类的五分之一，分布在许多不同的国家和民族群体。
伊斯兰教强调穆斯林同胞的团结，虽然存在着许多派别（例如什叶派和逊尼派）。在过
去的泛伊斯兰主义和民族主义的潮流已经影响了穆斯林世界的地位。
目前从各种来源的报告估计，世界人口中的穆斯林约12亿至15.7亿，约占2009年估计的
世界人口68亿的23％；62％在亚太地区，20％在中东和北非，15％在撒哈拉以南非洲，
2％在欧洲及美洲。
除蒙古高原和青藏高原外，亚欧大陆的干旱地区均属穆斯林世界。全世界四分之三的穆
斯林生活在干旱... 阅读全帖 |
|
|
b*****d
发帖数: 61690 | 33 The Pentagon on Tuesday confirmed the death of a senior member of the
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
A May 31 airstrike in the eastern Syrian city of Mayadin killed Turki al-Bin
’ali, “the self proclaimed ‘Grand Mufti,’ or chief cleric of ISIS,”
according to a U.S. Central Command statement.
ISIS had announced Al-Bin’ali’s death earlier this month.
“Al-Bin’ali had a central role in recruiting foreign terrorist fighters
and provoking terrorist attacks around the world,” the statement sai... 阅读全帖 |
|
G****e
发帖数: 11198 | 34 【 以下文字转载自 WaterWorld 讨论区 】
发信人: GoBlue (Wolverines), 信区: WaterWorld
标 题: 有关穆斯林总结，一切尽在此回复中
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jan 22 02:32:21 2015, 美东)
有关穆斯林宗教，来自Facebook上Michael Shea的回复:
For all of the “We want peace, let’s welcome our peaceful Muslim brothers
” people out there and all the do-gooders out there, and all those “
Coexist” folks, let me share a little bit of an inconvenient truth about
the world of Islam.
Islam is fundamentally an “expansionist” religion, with no pretenses to
accept or even tole... 阅读全帖 |
|
G****e
发帖数: 11198 | 35 有关穆斯林宗教，来自Facebook上Michael Shea的回复:
For all of the “We want peace, let’s welcome our peaceful Muslim brothers
” people out there and all the do-gooders out there, and all those “
Coexist” folks, let me share a little bit of an inconvenient truth about
the world of Islam.
Islam is fundamentally an “expansionist” religion, with no pretenses to
accept or even tolerate anyone who thinks something different than them. In
fact, they have a religious mandate to kill, disfigure or enslave anyone who
doe... 阅读全帖 |
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b*****e
发帖数: 53215 | 36 【 以下文字转载自 USANews 讨论区 】
发信人: solomonhume (家驹), 信区: USANews
标 题: 奥巴马承认他不去对抗ISIS是因为可兰经里的预言
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Mon Dec 14 10:27:50 2015, 美东)
因为可兰经里面预言会有穆斯林和“罗马人”的末日之战，穆斯林会获得胜利。如果
ISIS遭到攻击，他们会宣布预言灵验而招到更多的人
奥巴马认为，美国的入侵正是ISIS想要的。所以他的策略是不去攻击ISIS
With the legacy media’s obsession with Donald Trump, you may have missed a
stunning admission by the White House about their bizarre non-strategy to
defeat ISIS: Their policy is being dictated by Koranic prophecy.
After President Obama’s Oval Office statement abo... 阅读全帖 |
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G****e
发帖数: 11198 | 37 【 以下文字转载自 WaterWorld 讨论区 】
发信人: GoBlue (Wolverines), 信区: WaterWorld
标 题: 有关穆斯林总结，一切尽在此回复中
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jan 22 02:32:21 2015, 美东)
有关穆斯林宗教，来自Facebook上Michael Shea的回复:
For all of the “We want peace, let’s welcome our peaceful Muslim brothers
” people out there and all the do-gooders out there, and all those “
Coexist” folks, let me share a little bit of an inconvenient truth about
the world of Islam.
Islam is fundamentally an “expansionist” religion, with no pretenses to
accept or even tole... 阅读全帖 |
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c**i
发帖数: 6973 | 38 Joseph Manning, Beyond the Pharaohs. Wall Street Journal, Mar 19, 2011.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748
704893604576200393350126576.html?mod=WSJ_Books_LS_Books_8
(book review on Toby Wilkinson, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt; The
History of a civilization from 3000BC to Cleopatra. London: Bloomsbury (2010
) and Manhattan: Random House (2011))
Quote:
"Known as the Saite period (ca. 650-525 B.C.) because the Egyptian capital
was located at Sais in the western Nile Delta, this pe... 阅读全帖 |
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l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 39 弥赛亚的本意奏是受膏的君主，大祭司，譬如大卫王，拥有这个名号也不需要一定是犹
太人，譬如在犹太圣经里居鲁士二世也被称为弥赛亚。当两千年前弱小的犹太民族再度
面临灭国之变的时候，老百姓盼望着会再次有弥赛亚出现，某个拯救他们于水深
火热带领他们打倒对手的救星，举个例子就像是战乱时代中国的李自成，老毛。 因为
这个原因，那段日子是弥赛亚出现异常频繁的时代，其中最广为人知的一位奏是后代基
督教的奠基者，Jeshua ben Joseph，又叫作拿撒勒人耶稣。
以下名单按日期和宗教排列
犹太教
Simon of Peraea (died c. 4 BCE), son of Joseph， was a former slave of
Herod the Great who rebelled and was killed by the Romans in 4 BC. He has
been identified as the messiah of Gabriel's Revelation. He is mentioned by
Flavius Josephus
Jesus of Nazareth (... 阅读全帖 |
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v*****y
发帖数: 89 | 40 公元一二五一年，蒙哥汗继位。此时在波斯境内，有两个伊斯兰国家：一是建都巴格达的
黑衣大食王国(报达国) ， 一是立国于马三德兰地区 (今伊朗北部马赞德兰省) 的刺客派
之木刺夷国(Assassin)。其西还有叙利亚国。此三国彼此不相声援，地位孤立。
黑衣大食王国政教合一，主教的人叫作哈里发(caliph)，就是先知的意思。其首都巴格达
(今伊拉克首都Bhagdad)，是整个伊斯兰世界的中心。人口多达百万，应当是当时世界上
最大的城市了。城内有巨大的图书馆，还有30所大学，包括当时世界上最大的大学。城内
还有众多的清真寺和宫殿。他们还占据了圣城耶路撒冷，基督教组织了八次大规模的十字
军东征，都无功而返。传到37代哈里发，已历时五百年。当时的哈里发是木司塔辛，懦弱
而不称职，只喜好神学，数学和天文观测，不把国事放在心上。
了解了当时巴格达的情况，我也不认为当时的宋在世界上一支独秀了。卞梁虽有有一百四
十万人口，但是没有大学。
关于木刺夷国，以下是《射雕英雄传》后记里面的描写：
木剌夷是回教的一个狂热教派，起源于波斯，正统回教认为他们是异端邪派。这教派的领
袖称为山中老人，以暗杀作为主要手段 |
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v*****y
发帖数: 89 | 41 公元一二五一年，蒙哥汗继位。此时在波斯境内，有两个伊斯兰国家：一是建都巴格达的
黑衣大食王国(报达国) ， 一是立国于马三德兰地区 (今伊朗北部马赞德兰省) 的刺客派
之木刺夷国(Assassin)。其西还有叙利亚国。此三国彼此不相声援，地位孤立。
黑衣大食王国政教合一，主教的人叫作哈里发(caliph)，就是先知的意思。其首都巴格达
(今伊拉克首都Bhagdad)，是整个伊斯兰世界的中心。人口多达百万，应当是当时世界上
最大的城市了。城内有巨大的图书馆，还有30所大学，包括当时世界上最大的大学。城内
还有众多的清真寺和宫殿。他们还占据了圣城耶路撒冷，基督教组织了八次大规模的十字
军东征，都无功而返。传到37代哈里发，已历时五百年。当时的哈里发是木司塔辛，懦弱
而不称职，只喜好神学，数学和天文观测，不把国事放在心上。
了解了当时巴格达的情况，我也不认为当时的宋在世界上一支独秀了。卞梁虽有有一百四
十万人口，但是没有大学。
关于木刺夷国，以下是《射雕英雄传》后记里面的描写：
木剌夷是回教的一个狂热教派，起源于波斯，正统回教认为他们是异端邪派。这教派的领
袖称为山中老人，以暗杀作为主要手段... 阅读全帖 |
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w*********n
发帖数: 126 | 42 宋朝：世界"近代化"的序幕
作者：孙隆基 ■ 编辑/题图：回廊主人
写这样一个大题目，在一篇文章里只能作一个"长时期"的综观，看能否整理出一些头绪
解释中国今日的处境。千年之交是结这种长阶段总帐的恰当时机，公元两千年之初中国
是世界领先，至千年之末中国已沦为"落后国家";这个千年又可分为两半，前五百年中
国领先，后五百年中国逐渐落于西方之后。"五百年风水"是转了，但未来这五百年会否
轮流转，我们拭目以视。
只将中国与近代西方比较，仍然有西方中心论的余味。因此，本文亦注目中国本身的发
展规律并和西亚南亚的发展相呼应，还涉及内亚洲与中国有关的千年动态。至于本文的
比重，是偏重较不为人熟悉的前五百年，近五百年较略。
宋朝：世界"近代化"的序幕
公元一千年，正值宋朝第三位皇帝真宗咸平三年。宋代中国是世界近代化前奏的说法，
不限于内藤湖南一流的日本学者。当代美国的比较历史家麦克尼尔在《权力的追求》中
也说："本书的假设是：中国在一千年前后转向市场调节的行为颠覆了世界史的一个关
键性的平衡。我相信中国的例子启动了人类的一个千年探索，去发现在协调大规模行为
这一点上，从价格和私人或小团体(合伙... 阅读全帖 |
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R*****d
发帖数: 1148 | 43 夜谈天方(4) 一千零一夜之历史篇 (下)
说起伊斯兰教，我们知道其中包括逊尼和什叶两大派，而历史上的阿拉伯帝国，根据其
年代和地理位置，又有倭马亚朝 [注1]，阿拔斯朝，科尔多瓦倭马亚朝，和法蒂玛朝之
区别。伊比利亚的倭马亚朝远离阿拉伯人聚居的中东，自然不会在故事中频繁出现。然
而建立于十世纪初（此时两河流域的阿拔斯朝已经全面衰落，对于包括了尼罗河下游在
内的北非自然也早已失去掌控），并在几十年后定都于开罗的法蒂玛朝，也很少在一千
零一夜当中出现。究其原因，很可能因为其国教--什叶派--不为后世编故事的多为逊尼
派的阿拉伯人所喜。同时，法蒂玛朝在文化上的建树远远不及阿拔斯朝，宗教政策也缺
乏宽容，故此，更善于保存美好回忆的民间文学，对其也乏善可陈。
一个中文版仅一页多篇幅的传说，“哈里发哈克睦和富商的故事”（The Caliph al-
Hakim and the Merchant）的主人公，可能是天方夜谭当中登场的唯一一位法蒂玛朝君
主，恐怕也是仅有的什叶派历史人物。从比较可靠的历史记载上看，此人可谓是一个矛
盾混合体。一方面，他大力襄助爱资哈尔大学（成立于大约975年，这个学校至... 阅读全帖 |
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R*****d
发帖数: 1148 | 44 夜谈天方(5) 天方夜谭之社会生活篇：酒，浴池，女性，其他
要陪随身世清白、品德高尚的兄弟们，
你才可以痛饮几杯；
因为酒味正象空气，
风刮起来的时候，
经过鲜花，
它带来香甜的气味；
掠过粪堆时，
难免要染上恶臭。
血液中的一点一滴，
都在禁饮之列，
喝它的人便是作恶、不义；
只有葡萄的血呀，
它是例外了；
饮它不算是犯禁。
黎明在召唤黑暗，
请将败德的烈酒灌我一杯。
我原是不辨清浊的，
是酒在杯中，还是杯在酒里?
以上诗歌，出自“脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事”当中，“第二个僧人的故事”（The
Second Kalandar's Tale），如果将其对比一下本系列序章当中引用的明代的《瀛涯胜
览》当中“天方国。。。国法禁酒”这段文字，以及当今时代多数中国人对中东伊斯兰
国家的印象，没看过一千零一夜的人也许觉得这仅仅是书中的孤例，并不具备代表性。
然而再看下面这段“努伦丁·阿里和艾尼西·张丽丝的故事”（Nur al-Din Ali and
the Damsel Anis Al-Jalis）当中的吟诗，也显然是在公然赞美酒精类饮料：
把它盛在大杯小盏中去传递，
并向那月儿般的人的手中去领... 阅读全帖 |
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g*******y
发帖数: 202 | 45 http://www.mitbbs.com/news_wenzhang/MiscNews/31239737.html
编者按：中国威风凛凛的崛起经常标上回归历史正常水平。普遍的说法认为在过去5000
年的大部分时间，中国是世界财富、文化、科技和权力的中心。Mitbbs.com
China’s awe-inspiring rise is often framed as the return to a historical
norm. A common belief is that for most of the last 5,000 years, China was
the world’s center of wealth, culture, technology, and power. The 19th and
20th centuries, we are told, were a brief aberration, and China is now
simply retaking its rightful place as the world’s preeminent nation.... 阅读全帖 |
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R*******a
发帖数: 2463 | 46 But China’s preeminence was hardly uncontested during this period. Though
Europe was an economic, military and technological backwater during the
Middle Ages, the Islamic empires—the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates—
rivaled China in size, and actually defeated China in their one military
clash (the Battle of Talas). Islamic civilization was also no slouch in
倭马亚王朝和阿拔斯在规模上无法与隋唐相提并论，阿拉伯内部的纷争战乱也更频繁，
举例而言，第二任哈里发在耶路撒冷修阿克萨大穹顶，就花光了埃及六年的赋税。而同
时期隋炀帝在修大运河。工程量不是一个数量级的。
欧洲中心论的历史学一般很难客观的比较中世纪时的阿拉伯和东亚。因为欧洲那时太穷... 阅读全帖 |
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f**********4
发帖数: 2617 | 47 都是西班牙或者极晚期罗马相关的。以前咱们争过吉本的罗衰史。向你推荐J. B. Bury
的晚期罗马史和东罗马史，archive.org有免费下，没有吉本的那么大块头，条理性和
可读性更佳。
最近在看的是当年英国亲共左派史学家E. A. Thompson的Romans and Barbarians。是
本信息量很大的书，作者的钻研精神很值得钦佩，可读性要差点。
西班牙方面，偏门了，你大概兴趣不大。不过伊斯兰征服阶段的你可能会有兴趣。最近
看的是R. Collins的新作Caliphs and Kings。一上来就说白衣大食的“黄金时代”是
一个大泡泡，没啥了不起的。呵呵，别说你，我听了都不爽。 |
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m***n
发帖数: 12188 | 48 谈论大时间尺度的历史，必须和自然史结合起来。否则就会牛头不对马尾。下面是我做
的一个记录历史事件的 excel文件的一部分拷贝：
只有把整个人类的历史合在一起，而非按地理，民族分类，才能真正听到文明前进的脚
步声，看到“这生命的千军万马，呼啸向前的景象”（参考柏格森《创造的进化》一书
最后一段）。
time events
c 3000000 BC Stone tools S&T
c 1600000 BC most recent ice age begins nature
c 1400000 BC 人类开始用火 use of fire S&T
c 50000 BC a meteorite falls in Arizona, 440,000 tons, and forms a crater
1.2 km wide and 150 m deep nature
c 40000 BC mining, the oldest mine known is at Bomvu R... 阅读全帖 |
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G****r
发帖数: 5579 | 49 Eschatology
One difference between ISIL and other Islamist and jihadist movements,
including al-Qaeda, is the group's emphasis on eschatology and
apocalypticism—that is, a belief in a final Day of Judgement by God, and
specifically, a belief that the arrival of one known as Imam Mahdi is near.
ISIL believes that it will defeat the army of "Rome" at the town of Dabiq,
in fulfilment of prophecy.[188] Following its interpretation of the Hadith
of the Twelve Successors, ISIL also believes that after... 阅读全帖 |
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G****r
发帖数: 5579 | 50 Eschatology
One difference between ISIL and other Islamist and jihadist movements,
including al-Qaeda, is the group's emphasis on eschatology and
apocalypticism—that is, a belief in a final Day of Judgement by God, and
specifically, a belief that the arrival of one known as Imam Mahdi is near.
ISIL believes that it will defeat the army of "Rome" at the town of Dabiq,
in fulfilment of prophecy.[188] Following its interpretation of the Hadith
of the Twelve Successors, ISIL also believes that after... 阅读全帖 |
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