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全部话题 - 话题: feudal
1 2 3 4 末页 (共4页)
m*****e
发帖数: 16
1
When arguing/debating with Americans about tibet, a lot of us don't have this
kind of comprehensive information. If we want to debate, we need to be
prepared, especially when there are reporters.
The author is American.
Michael Parenti received his Ph.D. in political science from Yale University
. He has taught at a number of colleges and universities, in the United
States and abroad.
Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth
I. For Lords and Lamas
Along with the blood drenched landscape of religious
O*******d
发帖数: 20343
2
【 以下文字转载自 History 讨论区 】
发信人: sickasick (sickasick), 信区: History
标 题: Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth, by Michael Parenti
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue May 1 17:35:29 2007)
not sure if anyone has posted it here
http://www.michaelparenti.org/Tibet.html
thought it is quite a good comment by a western scholar.
c*********d
发帖数: 9770
3
来自主题: History版 - 13李峰 新保守主义
2017-12-13李峰 新保守主义
按照我们熟悉的关于社会形态的五阶段论,西周曾被认为是奴隶制社会,后又被认为是
与欧洲中世纪相近的封建社会。可是,近年来欧洲史学界的研究表明,Feudalism(封
建)作为一个学术范畴的正当性已经被摧毁。哥伦比亚大学东亚语言和文化系的李峰教
授研究中国早期历史和考古多年,其著作《西周的灭亡》和《西周的政体》先后在国内
出版了中文本,他在书中指出,由于Feudalism的致命缺陷,对西周封建说这一概念的
颠覆也势在必行了。
您在《西周的政体》一书中,对“西周封建论”提出了激烈的批评,我们注意到,您指
出在西方史学界,所谓欧洲中世纪“封建”的基础已经彻底动摇了,这是不是您对“西
周封建论”提出批评的起因?
李峰:可以这样说。不过,我想首先说明一下表述的问题。“封建”这个词是战国时期
思想家的创作,讲的是西周早期所谓的“封建亲戚,以藩屏周”(《左传》语),从而
形成了西周国家的基本国家体制。当然,“封”和“建”这两个字在西周时期的金文资
料中都有出现,其语义和战国思想家的用法基本相同。这个“封建”的概念在中国的传
统史学中被传承了下来,如唐代的柳宗... 阅读全帖
m***e
发帖数: 428
4
来自主题: Faculty版 - 华人社会里的西方社会科学
三 困难之本体论方面的根源
华人学生赖以成长的社会,在制度和文化的各方面与西方社会均有着重要的历史的和现
状的差异,因为这一系列存在经验的差异而对诸多现代西方社会科学的概念不易接受,
是笔者所观察到的最普遍的一种困难。
例一。在西方社会科学文献里,bureaucracy是一个中心概念。对当代bureaucracy讨论
影响最大的,是韦伯(Max Weber)的著名定义:
The following may thus be said to be the fundamental categories of rational
legal authority:
(1)A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules.
(2)A specified sphere of competence…
(3)The organization of offices follows the principle of hierarchy…
(4)The rules which regulate the conduct of an off... 阅读全帖
w*********g
发帖数: 30882
5
来自主题: Military版 - 美国文化的八大特征
美国文化的八大特征
作者:usflorida 于 2011-7-4 02:04 发表于 最热闹的华人社交网络--贝壳村
通用分类:网络文摘
“美国化”究竟何所指?从小处着眼,可以归结为饮食起居、服饰好尚的以美国为准;从
大处着眼,可以归结为价值观念、社会取向的以美国为宗。前者可以说是生活的美国化
,后者可以说是思想的美国化。生活和思想都不外乎是文化的一部份或者说文化的一种
表现形式,因此,所谓“美国化”,也就不妨概括为文化的美国化。上文谈到基督教和
英文为美国文化之基础,而唯其为基础,是以不得谓之特征,因而也就不能视之为美国
化的文化。然则,所谓美国化的文化究竟为何?窃以为可以归纳为如下数点。
第一,向钱看。自从有钱之为物以来,人类社会罕有不向钱看者。即使在标榜以“
清”为“高”的传统的中国社会,也不免有“有钱能使鬼推磨”,“恭喜发财”一类的
俗话,和“重赏之下,必有勇夫”,“人为财死,鸟为食亡”一类的不那么俗的所谓哲
言。然而,美国社会的向钱看,要比任何其他社会更加彻底。“The bottom line is
money。”是美国人的口头禅,译成中文就是“万事皆空,唯钱是问”的意思... 阅读全帖
b*s
发帖数: 82482
6
来自主题: LeisureTime版 - 爱情
参见一个homage单词的OED词条:
homage, n.
View as:
Outline |
Full entry
Quotations:
Show all |
Hide all
Pronunciation: Brit. /hmd/ , U.S. /(h)ɑmd/ (also, chiefly in sense 3b)
Brit. /mɑ/ , U.S. /omɑ/
Forms: ME homoge, ME omage, ME umage, ME ummage, ME–15 hommage, ME–
homage; Sc. pre-17 homadge, pre-17 homag, pre-17 homege, pre-17 omage, pre-
17 ymage (perhaps transmission error), pre-17 17– homage. (Show Less)
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman homaige, humage, Anglo-Norman and Old French
omage, A... 阅读全帖
u****n
发帖数: 7521
7
Democracy a farce/ it is feudalism a la carte
By: Dr.G.Srinivasan | Sunday , 26 Sep '10 10:57:54 AM Reply | Forward
Absolutely right!!! We do have a feudal setup where we either elect Indira
gandhi rajiv gandhi sonia gandhi and Rahul our leaders. A dmaned feudal
setup !!!! Now to top it we have an appointed PM for two terms ofor whom
none of the indians cast a single vote in any election!!! The wings of
democracy the legioslatur the judiciary and the executive the office of the
PM, president t
c*********d
发帖数: 9770
8
【 以下文字转载自 Mod_CHN_Hist 讨论区 】
发信人: chinabbsdad (张果老他爹), 信区: Mod_CHN_Hist
标 题: 张春桥:论对资产阶级的全面专政(汉英对照)
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Nov 21 06:51:57 2013, 美东)
张春桥:论对资产阶级的全面专政(On Exercising All-Round Dictatorship Over
the Bourgeoisie)
无产阶级专政问题,是长期以来马克思主义同修正主义斗争的焦点。列宁说“只有承认
阶级斗争、同时也承认无产阶级专政的人,才是马克思主义者。”
THE question of the dictatorship of the proletariat has long been the focus
of the struggle between Marxism and revisionism. Lenin said, “Only he is a
Marxist who extends the recognition of the class struggle t... 阅读全帖
T****7
发帖数: 307
9
the characteristic of modern army compare to feudal army is the strict
sometime rigid discipline, together with standard issue armaments and
reliable logistic support.
The feudal army are usually unruly bandits, with little discipline, plunders
the villagers and without much of logistic support.
The French army under Louis XIV and later Napoleon I, the German army from
Prussian era to Bismarck era, the famous "redcoats" of the British Empire --
one thing in common is their strict discipline. And... 阅读全帖

发帖数: 1
10
来自主题: Military版 - 四九城顽主之吊丝逆袭
The rising of the Forbidden City’s maverick.
Chapter one
About 200 BC, at the height of Rome Empire, a man who named Eng, Jen became
the first Chinese emperor, known as the “Ching chi Huang”. He conquered
and united seven different kingdoms founding an empire lasting for only a
couple of decades. In the meantime the feudalism was established in China
and lasted for more than two thousand years.
Political legitimacy of emperor in each dynasty was challenged by many
revolts and most of them failed... 阅读全帖
l****z
发帖数: 29846
11
Baron Bloomberg says gun control will make us safer. The question remains:
Safer for whom?
Not one to let a tragedy go to waste, within hours after the Sandy Hook
Elementary School shooting, anti-rights New York Mayor Bloomberg went on the
offensive:
“Calling for ‘meaningful action’ is not enough,” New York Mayor Michael
Bloomberg, co-chairman of Mayors Against Illegal Guns, said in a statement
yesterday. “We need immediate action. We have heard all the rhetoric before
.”
In my last post, I note... 阅读全帖
m***e
发帖数: 428
12
来自主题: Faculty版 - 华人社会里的西方社会科学
四 困难之方法论方面的根源
有些西方社会科学家在概念建构方面的独特思维方法、逻辑和技巧为华人学生所不熟悉
和不习惯,从而使他们很难把握那些概念的实质,这一点在上文讨论韦伯的ideal type
时已涉及。为了更详细地剖析华人学生在这方面的认知困难,我们有必要在此简略回顾
一下西方社会学近代以来在概念建构上历经的几个主要阶段。
我们知道,西方社会学诞生于对西方工业化所引发的诸种社会问题的反思。经典社会学
理论对工业化过程及后果的考 察所遵循的方法最早是历史哲学(historico-philosophy
)式的,其代表人物除上文提及的教条主义化的马克思主义者,还有Auguste Comte和
Herbert Spencer。他们坚信全人类注定要沿着单一轨线发展,这条轨线由诸个前后相
续、性质严格区别的阶段构成,所有的民族都必然依次经过这些阶段,就象夹在 火车
轨道上列车一样没有选择,被动而行。现代社会代表着这条轨线上的最后一站,只是在
不同的理论体系里,这个“现代社会”的名称不同而已。
历史哲学的方法给人类发展施加了太多命定论的规定,其实是把局部历史普遍化,亦即
把至多只适合于西欧社会发展... 阅读全帖
c*********d
发帖数: 9770
13
张春桥:论对资产阶级的全面专政(On Exercising All-Round Dictatorship Over
the Bourgeoisie)
无产阶级专政问题,是长期以来马克思主义同修正主义斗争的焦点。列宁说“只有承认
阶级斗争、同时也承认无产阶级专政的人,才是马克思主义者。”
THE question of the dictatorship of the proletariat has long been the focus
of the struggle between Marxism and revisionism. Lenin said, “Only he is a
Marxist who extends the recognition of the class struggle to the recognition
of the dictatorship of the proletariat.” And it is precisely to enable us
to go by Marxism and not revisionism in both theory an... 阅读全帖
o**o
发帖数: 21
14
来自主题: History版 - 中世纪英国史资料 (1. 大宪章)
关于《大宪章》
打个不算特别恰当但是比较好理解的比方,假设我们从中国乘飞机飞往美国--飞
到关岛了,这的确是美国,但是离其本土还差十万八千里呢,好比《大宪章》刚刚
颁布,离真正的法治和民主的路还任重道远;等飞到夏威夷了,这也的确是美国,
可是上面除了毛利土著、日裔华裔、海军大兵和旅游者之外,要想看看典型的美国
人恐怕还是找错了地方,这好比Simon De Montfort和Edward I时期议会刚刚试运
转,机制开始建立,模子已经越来越成型了,但还不能算货真价实;只有飞过了落
山鸡,才是真正地到了美国,好比经过了光荣革命,英国以至近代的法治和民主才
真正地落到了实处;不过实际上加州到处西裔亚裔印度裔犹太裔人士成群,其美国
味道仍然欠一点火候,还得开一阵远路四处兜兜才成,好比光荣革命后的三百年人
类的继续探索和完善补充.回头看看离着十万八千里的关岛,虽然你尽可以嘲笑那
地方如何挂羊头卖狗肉,但那是大家都不得不走过的路,也是一个明白无误昭示方
向的路标,其意义不说自明.
现在就让我们来看看《大宪章》卖的到底是什么样的狗肉,见识一下刚刚摆脱蒙... 阅读全帖
z****9
发帖数: 80
15
老话题,钱穆早就讨论过了,中国在西周以前才是封建社会;封建是封土建邦的意思.(见<
国史新论>)
秦到清的统一政权都是中央集权的士大夫官僚社会.
Feudalism 一词是日本学者翻译为封建社会,郭沫若为了把马克思主义历史观套入中国
历史,就抄用了.郭沫若认为日尔曼入侵消灭西罗马后的社会情况(Feudalism),和中国的
战国相近,就把战国做为封建社会的在中国的开始.大陆的历史课本至今都在沿用,其实
争议是显而易见的,但鉴于郭老的社会地位,没有人说不就是了.

分?
G**8
发帖数: 1209
16
来自主题: History版 - 马、马鞍、和马镫
马镫之所以吸引眼球,是因为White说马镫导致mounted shock combat、导致Feudalism
。证据是马镫和Feudalism在7世纪同时出现。
这种谬论已经被批倒了。马镫在欧洲5世纪就有,但是到8世纪还没有完全普及。不是
没有技术,而是没有需求。已经有马鞍了,挂个铁圈谁不会。马鞍才是技术难点(形状
不规则而且精度要求)。
K**********n
发帖数: 10466
17
来自主题: History版 - 马、马鞍、和马镫
"证据是马镫和Feudalism在7世纪同时出现。"
这个证据有点扯。主要是以前的技术推广很慢,更新换代很慢。
就好比火枪发明虽然最终导致了民主制度,也是经过几百年的洗礼才逐渐实现的。不能
说火枪出现的世纪民主制度就出现了。

Feudalism
y***u
发帖数: 7039
18
胡适鼓吹疑古史学的要害是主张文化殖民化
- 何新《论中国历史与国民意识》
五四运动鼓吹反孔推翻礼教,对20世纪中国社会变革进步有重大意义,但在文化上则有
殊多误解与曲解。胡适、顾颉刚创《古史辩》派,以经验主义推翻中国古史系统,致使
疑古之谬种流传久远,一直影响到今天。
西方将自己的传统追溯于《旧约》及希腊以至苏美尔、埃及神话。《圣经》中说耶稣被
钉死在十字架上,但犹太密教则一直有另一种说法认为耶稣并没有死,钉在十字架上的
只是替身。耶稣有后裔,出卖耶稣的犹大乃是圣人。共济会就认为耶稣后裔一直被“锡
安山隐修会”的修士和“圣殿骑士”们在法国秘密守护直到今天。11 连这样的重大历
史宗教问题西方人至今还没有弄清真相。但西方学术界却并无疑古之风潮,反而一直致
力于将特洛伊、大西岛及《圣经》中的传说一一考实。
近世学人中,最可鄙视的就是胡适。此人之师傅杜威是19世纪美国共济会大师。胡适之
流专对中国之历史大举“疑古”。其最为荒谬的就是不仅否认炎、黄、尧、舜、禹之存
在,而且否认在《史记》及古史中谱牒有序、记述彬然的夏王朝的存在,使华夏古史无
端地被抹空了数千年。近世只知耳食之言的文人墨客关于... 阅读全帖
y***u
发帖数: 7039
19
来自主题: Military版 - 英国贵族已经被同化了
英国贵族已经被同化了.The evidence proved that the English aristocracy had
literally sealed a "marriage with Jewry" in terms of its "blood substance."
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
England's Jewish Aristocracy (2)
January 17, 2011
by Henry Makow Ph.D.
In 1941, Friedrich Wilhelm Euler, Nazi Germany's leading expert on Jewish
genealogy, published a lengthy article entitled "The Penetration of Jewish
Blood into the English Upper Class."
Euler asked how modern Bri... 阅读全帖
w********t
发帖数: 12853
20
来自主题: Military版 - 给你们看看民主的愤怒
英国人权组织网站文章。

Struggle of Tea Plantation Workers in North East India
Created: 2010-11-04
Malnutrition and Starvation Deaths
‘Due to malnutrition people started falling sick, in the last five years
more than 200 people have died on this (Tea) estate alone.’
‘They do not have any rice, they are hungry and they have to work on empty
stomach- so they fall ill and die. All of them died due to hunger and
malnutrition. This is how my husband died, he worked without enough food and
he died because the te... 阅读全帖
s********a
发帖数: 303
21
In feudal Tibet, torture and mutilation--including eye gouging, the pulling
out of tongues, hamstringing, and amputation--were favored punishments
inflicted upon thieves, and runaway or resistant serfs. Journeying through
Tibet in the 1960s, Stuart and Roma Gelder interviewed a former serf, Tsereh
Wang Tuei, who had stolen two sheep belonging to a monastery. For this he
had both his eyes gouged out and his hand mutilated beyond use. He explains
that he no longer is a Buddhist: “When a holy lama ... 阅读全帖
b********n
发帖数: 38600
22
来自主题: Military版 - 看看公司权力是如何摧毁民主的
Neofeudalism and Peasants with Pitchforks: Corporate Power Destroys
Democracy
http://charleshughsmith.blogspot.com/2016/07/neofeudalism-and-peasants-with.html
In the original version of feudalism, peasants armed with pitchforks knew
where to go for redress or regime change: the feudal lord's castle on the
hill. Though you won't find this in conventional narratives of the Middle
Ages, peasant revolts were a common occurrence; serfs weren't always
delighted to toil for their noble masters.
In the ... 阅读全帖
t**x
发帖数: 20965
23
来自主题: Military版 - 衙門八字開,有理無錢莫進來
衙門八字開,有理無錢莫進來
古語有說:「衙門八字開,有理無錢莫進來」和「三年清知府,十萬雪花銀」這兩句民
間諺語,十足呈現古代官衙生活。
大堂是官大人刑獄斷案的地方,使用大堂的州縣官因為須升堂聽訟,所以我們尤為熟悉
。所謂「衙門六扇開」,是指州縣衙門的大門、二門、儀門共有六扇門,過了這六扇門
就是大堂,也叫正堂。大堂是衙門的中心,也是官大人作威作福的地方。
斷案時,州縣官坐在大堂北面正中,旁邊有刑名師爺執筆,堂下站立三班衙役。打手手
持刑具,一個個凶神惡煞,大門外還掛有半紅半黑的水火棍,越發顯得威嚴。
我 國古代民諺雲:「八字衙門朝南開,有理無錢莫進來。」說的就是一進衙門,就別
想不花錢。且不說賄賂,就是宮大人刑獄過程的花費,告狀人就必須全攤上。僅請 官
出差所花錢的名目就有:「要官出差,請差費是第一,書辦起稿費第二,差人要發路錢
安家費是第三,差人動身吃神福是第四,差人吃茶吃飯吃煙是第五,客遇錢 飯錢是第
六。」(《〈活地獄〉評語》)打官目者,必須記清這些要目,否則,官司怎樣輸了都蒙
在鼓裏。
但是打官司時,僅僅只花以上的錢顯非明智舉,還須打點從上到下的官吏。
古 人道:不怕官,只怕... 阅读全帖
l*******G
发帖数: 1191
24
来自主题: USANews版 - 共和党过去60年变化:极右
http://www.eatthestate.org/not-your-grandfathers-gop/
Not Your Grandfather’s GOP
By Lansing Scott • on October 18, 2012 5:55 pm
PRINT
COMMENT FEED
STUMBLE IT
DIGG IT
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One thing that gets lost in the 24 hour news cycle of political reporting is
a longer view of political developments—-not just for today, this week, or
this election cycle, but over a span of decades.
One of the most significant political developments over the past half
century has been the extreme rightwa... 阅读全帖
l****z
发帖数: 29846
25
来自主题: USANews版 - 加利福尼亚正在封建化
Conn Carroll: California becoming a feudal society
March 2, 2013 | 8:00 pm
For most of its history, California has occupied a special place in the mind
of most Americans. From the height of the Gold Rush through the 1980s,
California's warm weather and booming economy drew enterprising, educated
and talented immigrants from across the country. California was the melting
pot of America's melting pot, leading all states in the number of residents
who were born in other U.S. states.
As I wrote in T... 阅读全帖
s******n
发帖数: 99
26
来自主题: Singapore版 - 西藏简史1:Origin of Tibetan
我的2004版西藏史,用来向洋人作宣传的。请方家指正。
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF TIBET HISTORY AND LAMAISM
Preface
Tibet was a rare sample that had been practicing feudal system almost
throughout its history. Since the first Tibet kingdom founded upon aboriginal
tribes union in the seventh century, it was not until AD1950 that Tibet’s
feudal system was endangered by external influences. The fruitless defense of
this decaying system and the clashes unavoidably accompanying it, in spite of
efforts towards peaceful solution
h******n
发帖数: 28
27
原文是用挪威语写的,我用google translator翻译的
楼上那篇是用来解释这篇的
在这篇中,我最喜欢最后一段话
> From: @ rolf melheim
> Subject: Hello
Can you pass on to interested parties? Regards Rolf
Article newspapers to Bergen from Jan Erik Willgohs:
Should we congratulate each other with this year's Nobel Peace Prize? No, I
do not believe it!
I see few, if any, potential positive impacts of this year's awards. The
effects will also be the reversal of many ongoing good processes and
setbacks for those looking for relaxation of and in the C... 阅读全帖
c**i
发帖数: 6973
28
来自主题: ChinaNews版 - 就天还了某个台巴一巴掌
You say 蒋公?
That is feudalism.

* * *
s*******i
发帖数: 712
29
that's why i hate fucking old fashioned hk taiwan celebrities. fucking
feudal and think like your grandma.
Up your asian entertainment!!!
Hollywood RULES!!
a*****i
发帖数: 4391
30
来自主题: History版 - Re: barbarian?
The last few centuries of Byzantine life were brought by a usurper,
Alexius Comnenus, who began to reestablish an army on the basis of
feudal grants (próniai) and made significant advances against the
Seljuk Turks. His plea for western aid against the Seljuk advance
brought about the First Crusade, which helped him reclaim Nicaea but
soon distanced itself from imperial aid. Later crusades grew
increasingly antagonistic. Although Alexius' grandson Manuel I
Comnenus was a friend of the Crusaders,
k***g
发帖数: 7244
31
主要是因为欧洲封建主义(feudalism)和以后的nationalism.
古罗马的奴隶制度必须伴随着不断的对外扩张,只有不停的扩张,不停的大仗才能
提供足够多的奴隶来维持帝国的存在和运行。有一点要注意,在古罗马帝国,一般
人们不会让奴隶间婚配来提供新的劳动力,因为那样的周期太长,不如对外战争来
的快速。公民,或是奴隶主的数量在不断的增加,对奴隶的需求也不断的增加,一
旦不能得到足够多的奴隶,帝国便会出现危机。而这样的帝国一旦垮掉便很难重建
,它就像一个一直不停在滚得雪球,一旦裂开,便不能愈合。
日尔曼人的入侵使得罗马的slavery mode of production和日尔曼人的primitive
mode of production 综合产生了封建主义(马克思最先使用synthesis这个词的,
以后也有很多人用),而封建主义注定是难以成为统一的大帝国的(譬如神圣罗马
帝国)。
等到封建主义逐渐退出历史舞台,专制主义(absolutism)开始的时候,民族主义(n
ationalism)和民族国家(nation-state)也开始发展。虽然民族主义的兴起有利于一
个国家内部的
h****n
发帖数: 141
32
因为从新文化运动开始,一切以西方为尊,一切都要套用西方概念。
其实周的封建和欧洲也很不同,周的是自上而下,欧洲的是自下而上。
我们用封建这个词语来翻译欧洲中世纪的Feudalism, 然后又用这个西化的概念来解释
我们自己秦汉以后的历史,这样就可以符合欧洲人的历史观:历史发展分为上古的奴隶
社会,中古的封建社会和近代的资本主义社会。
如果按照钱穆的说法,秦汉以后明朝以前既不是封建社会也不是帝王专制,只能算是政
府与皇室共同合作的社会,而政府人员既不是奴隶主,也不是封建贵族,更不是资本家
,而是来自于民间的知识分子,所以说成士人社会更为确切。
f**********4
发帖数: 2617
33
来自主题: History版 - 谁打过十字军之王?
In general, the laws and techs in CK are not very important, at least for me.
To choose which kind of inheritance law depends on which child you would
like to be the next ruler. Primogeniture passes all the power to the eldest
son and is the most popular law in Europe. But if your eldest son happens to
be an idiot, and your second son is a genius, you can choose Consanguinity,
which awards the "strongest" son everything. Then you can artificially
makes your 2nd son the "strongest" by awarding hi... 阅读全帖
w****j
发帖数: 5581
34
来自主题: History版 - 大家来谈谈peasant和farmer
我上工具书
Farmer: a person who cultivates land or crops or raises animals (as
livestock or fish)
Peasant:
1: a member of a European class of persons tilling the soil as small
landowners or as laborers; also : a member of a similar class elsewhere
2: a usually uneducated person of low social status
你教授说的农奴的标准的词汇应该是serf
Serf:a member of a servile feudal class bound to the land and subject to
the will of its owner
R*****d
发帖数: 1148
35
来自主题: History版 - [合集] 大家来谈谈peasant和farmer
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
monkeylady (MonkeyQueen) 于 (Mon Mar 21 23:05:47 2011, 美东) 提到:
我有次上课,提到中国的peasant worker的问题,教授让我停一下,他特意问我是想说
peasant 还是想说farmer, 我肯定地说是peasant, 我之所以肯定,是因为中国日报
就用peasant。 他很吃惊地说:中国现在还有peasant?于是给我阐述了peasant的历史
意义。peasant一般是指中古时期或者前近代的农民,很多带有人身依附关系,甚至有
些就是农奴。
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
whctmj (马甲) 于 (Tue Mar 22 04:13:31 2011, 美东) 提到:
我上工具书
Farmer: a person who cultivates land or crops or raises animals (as
livestock or fish)
Peasant:
1:... 阅读全帖
R*****d
发帖数: 1148
36
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
kzeng (锴锃) 于 (Mon Oct 18 17:19:22 2004) 提到:
呵呵,这是个很有趣的话题,先不说欧洲为什么没有统一(下文再说),欧洲的不
统一深深的影响了西方人看待世界的目光,以国际关系为例,西方学者始终认为均
势(Balance of power)是最稳定的国际关系模式,并拿拿破仑战争后的Concert o
f Europe作为典范。一个国际关系的牛人还声称过:如果国际关系只有一个理论,
那么这个理论就是均势理论。
可惜的紧,这一套搬到中国来怎么也用不了了,按照了西方的理论,战国后期,六
国应该紧密团结来balance秦国,类似欧洲的拿破仑战争,各国联合来制衡法国,可
惜的是,六个国家都没有搞定秦国,反被秦国搞定了。
而后的三国也是一样的,蜀和吴是联合起来抗魏了,开始是一个不错的balance of
power,可惜在中国,这样的均势并不是一个稳定系统,总是会出现一些聪明人把
这个系统毁掉,带来大一统的局面:)
下面的一个帖子解释为什么欧洲不统一。

☆─────────... 阅读全帖
w****j
发帖数: 5581
37
引一段N手的材料,据Encyclopaedia of Britannica(呵呵,俺也炫一下拉丁文):“
Employed against the Mongol invaders of Europe, knightly warfare failed even
more disastrously for the Poles at Legnica and the Hungarians at Mohi in
1241. Feudal Europe was saved from sharing the fate of China and Muscovy not
by its tactical prowess but by the unexpected death of the Mongols' supreme
ruler, Ogedei, and the subsequent eastward retreat of his armies.”
也就是说,西方(至少是英国)的一般认识是当时欧洲的战争组织形式和水平对付蒙古
人是相当无力的。他们也认为是窝阔台(不是蒙哥)的死救了他们。那么窝阔台是怎么... 阅读全帖
d*********2
发帖数: 48111
38
与其说是朱熹, 还不如说是赵匡胤。
宋以前中国不是严格的中央集权, 某种程度上算是一种feudal monarchy. 地方拥兵自
重, 内政自主权都比较大。
宋以后加强中央集权, 中央政府的重心主要在御内, 消除内部竞争, 降低行政效率
, 增大官僚集团。 总归表现就是整个国家军事和经济竞争力全面下降。
光是推托给一个意识形态主义太牵强了。 理学怎么也比南朝的佛学更积极进步的多,
也比汉朝奉行的黄老主义先进。
v*****s
发帖数: 20290
39
来自主题: History版 - 虢国史漫谈(转载)
夷王对于姜姓诸侯似乎抱着某种敌视的态度,毕竟姜姓诸侯自穆王时期开始在朝廷中占
据主导,树大根深。夷王上台后,开始寻求任何机会来削弱姜姓诸侯。
恰逢此时,姜姓诸侯内部发生了严重的龃龉,纪侯对齐哀公不满,在夷王面前
大肆攻击,夷王便利用了这一借口,将齐哀公用大鼎活活水煮。此外在之前活跃了三代
的姜姓井公家族开始在朝廷中销声匿迹,东方的姜姓逢公家族也不知所终。
本来按照觐礼制度,天子是不能下堂向诸侯示好的,但是夷王却为了讨好其他
诸侯,亲自下堂接见。这一举动无异于挑动了守旧派们敏感的神经。虽然姬姓大臣们对
姜姓诸侯不满,但也不希望权势被姞姓诸侯所取代。何况噩国已经开始成为汉水流域新
的霸主,如果他出面联系其他势力反对周天子,将是一场巨大的灾难。新的矛盾开始积
累。
犬戎开始在太原(今甘肃省平凉一带)重新冒头,周人给他们一个新的称呼“
玁狁”。虢公再次出现在文献中,并统帅了六师前去讨伐,一直进军到俞泉,获马千匹
。这位虢公应当是伯大师的后人,伯大师根据出土青铜器铭文,他的名字叫“厘”,他
的儿子为伯公父,自称“伯大师小子”。随后懿王三年出现了虢叔... 阅读全帖
c*****1
发帖数: 3240
40
来自主题: History版 - [合集] 虢国史漫谈(转载)
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
vespers (西瓜很好吃) 于 (Mon Dec 24 23:43:20 2012, 美东) 提到:
这篇文章写得很不错,相当见功力,以虢国为线索,对西周和春秋早期的历史很是梳理
了一番。原文未完,链接如下
http://www.cctvdream.com.cn/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=32
虢国是在西周乃至春秋早期历史上产生过重要影响的国家。它的兴衰直接关系到周王室
权威的兴衰。然而后人对于虢国的印象却十分模糊,主要停留在三十六计的“假道伐虢
”与成语“唇亡齿寒”之上。《左传》中仅有虢国零碎的记载,不成体系。《史记》中
给陈、杞这样的国家都留有世家,对于虢国这样对周王室来说意义非凡的重要国家却没
有专篇叙述,可见司马迁所看到的史料也是十分有限。
它的创始人名为虢仲、虢叔,是王季的儿子,周文王的弟弟,简称为二虢。相
比周公旦、召公奭、毕公高、太公望吕尚、毛伯郑这些政治明星来说,二虢却显得异常
低调,无论是传统的《尚书》、《逸周书》,还是... 阅读全帖
w**********5
发帖数: 1741
41
12. Memorandum of Conversation1
Beijing, February 17–18, 1973, 11:30 p.m.–1:20 a.m.
PARTICIPANTS
Mao Tsetung, Chairman, Politburo, Chinese Communist Party
Chou En-lai, Premier of the State Council
Wang Hai-jung, Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs
Tang Wen-sheng, Interpreter
Shen Jo-yun, Interpreter
Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Assistant to the President for National Security
Affairs
Winston Lord, NSC Staff
(At 11:00 p.m. February 17, 1973 at a meeting in a villa near the Guest
House where Dr. Kiss... 阅读全帖
w**********5
发帖数: 1741
42
Chairman Mao: Do you want our Chinese women? We can give you ten million. (
Laughter, particularly among the women.)
Dr. Kissinger: The Chairman is improving his offer.
Chairman Mao: By doing so we can let them flood your country with disaster
and therefore impair your interests. In our country we have too many women,
and they have a way of doing things. They give birth to children and our
children are too many. (Laughter)
Dr. Kissinger: It is such a novel proposition, we will have to study it.
... 阅读全帖
s***i
发帖数: 10182
43
来自主题: History版 - 中国各个朝代的人均GDP estimates
Qin Dynasty 秦朝 221–206 BC
GDP per capita: Unknow
The share of Qing and the dynasties before are too aged to calculate, no
relevant data is available, so we only start from the Han dynasty.
Han dynasty 汉朝 (206 BC–220 AD)
GDP per capita: $450
Han Dynasty accounted for 26% of the global wealth, at that time the Roman
Empire dominated western world. Han Dynasty is the economic center of the
eastern world.
Tang Dynasty 唐朝 618 – 907 AD
GDP per capita:$480
China’s feudal society gets to its peak in T... 阅读全帖
s***i
发帖数: 10182
44
来自主题: History版 - 中国各个朝代的人均GDP estimates
Qin Dynasty 秦朝 221–206 BC
GDP per capita: Unknow
The share of Qing and the dynasties before are too aged to calculate, no
relevant data is available, so we only start from the Han dynasty.
Han dynasty 汉朝 (206 BC–220 AD)
GDP per capita: $450
Han Dynasty accounted for 26% of the global wealth, at that time the Roman
Empire dominated western world. Han Dynasty is the economic center of the
eastern world.
Tang Dynasty 唐朝 618 – 907 AD
GDP per capita:$480
China’s feudal society gets to its peak in T... 阅读全帖
R*******a
发帖数: 2463
45
共和制的出现一定伴随着经济殖民地。
古希腊有小亚细亚和叙利亚的殖民地,古罗马有小亚细亚,中东,北非,高卢,西班牙
乃至英国的经济殖民地,英帝和美帝有全球经济殖民地。
先秦的体制只能称得上封建,feudalism, 汉人政权从没有过大规模的经济殖民地,这
是出现不了共和制的一个重要原因。
G**8
发帖数: 1209
46
来自主题: History版 - 马、马鞍、和马镫
现代Equestrian没有马镫是不行的,无法骑马跳跃。不知道没有马镫的时代游牧民族如
何做到这点。可能那时候的马没有现代马强壮,载人根本跳不起来。重装骑兵更不可能
跳跃。
关键是把马镫跟feudalism的建立联系起来太牵强了。马镫本身只不过是马鞍的一个部
件;马鞍不过是骑士的一个部件;骑士不过是军队的一个部件;军队不过是社会体系的
一个部件。比马镫重要的技术因素多了:人口、冶铁、粮食、城堡、书信系统。。。那
个贴子说得有道理,马鞍本身比马镫重要多了。
日本也有封建时期,跟骑士(更别提马镫)一点关系都没有。中国的封建时期也跟马镫
毫不相干。其实Inca也是封建制度,连马都没有!
b*s
发帖数: 82482
47
没有马蹬会骑射的多了,匈奴就是
亚述在马蹬之前很久就有枪骑兵,马蹬不是必需的。
某骑兵专家撰文论没有马蹬如何冲击:
http://www.classicalfencing.com/articles/shock.php
It has also been asserted that modern reenactment and experimental
archaeology has shown that the stirrup provides very little benefit for a
mounted lancer, and a cantled saddle and spurs have a greater effect.[
dubious – discuss] White noted the importance of the prior emergence of the
saddle, but argued, "The stirrup made possible—although it did not demand
—a vastly more effective mode... 阅读全帖
K*****2
发帖数: 9308
48
貌似密克罗尼西亚那几个岛都有等级制度,wiki的说法是相当普遍:
By the time of the island's first contact with European travellers in 1824,
Kosrae had a highly stratified society, typical of the surrounding islands
of the time. Its cultural features included matrilineal lineage and clans,
with a feudal structure of "nobles" controlling land worked by "commoners"
and settlements consisting of small groups of close relatives sharing a
single cook house.
这个Kosrae是密克罗尼西亚最东边的岛,雅浦是最西边,谨慎推断可能中间那些岛全都
是这样。尤其是波纳佩,能搞出南马特尔建筑的,肯定是个阶级社会。
s*********e
发帖数: 1814
49
来自主题: History版 - 中国的封建制度亡于秦
"封建" 这个词是“封土建国" 的意思,君主把国土交给王侯,让他们自己经营。王侯
在自己的封地上有很大的自治权。王侯们作为业主,经营自己的地盘显然比那些为君主
打工的官员要尽心尽力。
这本来是一个很冷门的词,因为这个制度消失了两千年。直到日本学者认为欧洲中世纪
的社会类似于中国先秦社会和日本战国时期,于是把周朝的这个词拿过来作为欧洲
feudalism的翻译。
那么欧洲的“封建主义”是怎么样的呢?中世纪的欧洲,国王只是一个国家众多领主中
最强大的一个。这些领主向国王效忠,而他们的下属只向自己的领主效忠,并不向国王
效忠。有些大领主还有忠于自己的小领主。每一层都有自己的收入和军队,上级的上级
并不是自己的上级。
在这个制度下,上级对下级的权力是比较有限的。如果大家认为下级受了不公平待遇,
下级就会获得自己下属的支持,以及自己同级的同情,就有一定能力对抗上级。比如在
荷马的《伊利亚特》里,希腊名将阿格琉斯因为领导阿伽门农抢了他的战利品而拒绝出
战,没有人认为他做的不妥,他也没有因此受到惩罚。
和先秦君主把自己的领地封给诸侯不同,中世纪欧洲诸国的领地是各个领主们自己打下
的。其中最强的领主们... 阅读全帖
h*s
发帖数: 574
50
【 以下文字转载自 ChinaNews 讨论区 】
发信人: klim (klim), 信区: ChinaNews
标 题: Re: BBC最近播的西藏纪录片A year in Tibet
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Mon Mar 24 16:56:27 2008)
Just ask him how much he know about Tibet problem and how?
Then show him more resources:
More third-party perspectives of Tibet issues
* Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth, by Michael Parenti (Ph.D. in
political science from Yale University), http://www.michaelparenti.org/Tibet.html
* THE SHADOW OF THE DALAI LAMA, http://www.iivs.de/~iivs01311/SDLE/Ind
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