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全部话题 - 话题: autonomy
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g******e
发帖数: 389
1
来自主题: MedicalCareer版 - 生产史和usmle考点的给力结合
每每group study的时候总会提到生我女儿的经历。被认为可以帮助记忆。 好吧,现在
就算牺牲privacy, 来写个总回顾。感慨抒情以下先,那是多么难忘的第一次住院经历
啊。 生个宝贝真是九死一生, 一点都不夸张哦。
Chapter 1: 预产期前1天17号,好像她知道我终于不上班, 可以迫不及待的出来了
。 先是出血,出现宫缩, 开始进入labor stage 1 (latent phase)。好疼啊,从来没
有过痛经(考点:prostaglandin, tx NSAIDs), 对这种痛实在不能忍受。去医院,医
学院附属,有医学生,intern, resident, attending。 告知宫开一指, ok, 回家 (
考点: 宫开 3-4指收入院,上epidural 也是宫开4指; 另外,stage 1, active
phase, cervical dilated>=3cm)。
Chapter 2: 好不容易过了一个晚上,第二天再上医院,该收我了吧,疼得实在不行
了。 还是1-2指。还好是我的OB on call,在我的要求下,终于收治入院 (考点:病
人的aut... 阅读全帖
R**********n
发帖数: 473
2
the 2nd year resident was in such bad luck, although he might have saved the
baby's life.
This lesson tells us--risk a baby's life and wait for attendings.
i feel the law needs to be changed--what if the 2nd year anethes. resident
was well trained on this and felt confident to do it without risking the
mother's life? Isn't that the patient's autonomy rules everything if the
patient is competent and conscious? What if the mother is willing to risk
her own life in order to save the baby?
t******a
发帖数: 408
3
我在
http://www.mitbbs.com/article_t/MedicalCareer/31531335.html
中提到如何搞定病理, 比较Pathoma 和 RRP, 以及使用的策略.
下面是另一部分体会:
2.关于题库 (try to master the principle)
3.考试的一些考点
学习题库
(1). UW qbank – online [教训!!!!!, 只完成了70%, ~ 74% correct -----get
refund for the unused 30% from UW]
(2). USMLERx qbank – online [汗, 只完成了75%,]
1. UW 题库 ----一定要尽早开始做.
如果能重来一次, 我会学习一章/科, 做UW对应一章/科的题目(分科做), 这是第一遍.
待全部学完一遍后, 用timed+mixed 评估学习+检测漏洞.
我的教训是没有早做UW. UW在它的欢迎页上就写得一清二楚 ----- UW目的是为了提高
你的学习水准. 是用来教你学习的题库. 很遗憾我(也许还有其他同学)没有早明白这一
点. U... 阅读全帖
t******a
发帖数: 408
4
我在
http://www.mitbbs.com/article_t/MedicalCareer/31531335.html
中提到如何搞定病理, 比较Pathoma 和 RRP, 以及使用的策略.
下面是另一部分体会:
2.关于题库 (try to master the principle)
3.考试的一些考点
学习题库
(1). UW qbank – online [教训!!!!!, 只完成了70%, ~ 74% correct -----get
refund for the unused 30% from UW]
(2). USMLERx qbank – online [汗, 只完成了75%,]
1. UW 题库 ----一定要尽早开始做.
如果能重来一次, 我会学习一章/科, 做UW对应一章/科的题目(分科做), 这是第一遍.
待全部学完一遍后, 用timed+mixed 评估学习+检测漏洞.
我的教训是没有早做UW. UW在它的欢迎页上就写得一清二楚 ----- UW目的是为了提高
你的学习水准. 是用来教你学习的题库. 很遗憾我(也许还有其他同学)没有早明白这一
点. U... 阅读全帖
yf
发帖数: 272
5
来自主题: MedicalCareer版 - Hem /Onc job hunting experience (6)-Compensation
This quick question does not have a quick answer. I recommend you to attend
ASCO or ASH sessions for fellows. There are nice discussion regarding the
details.
Again, you have to love to do research( either clinical or basic) , and
aspire to become a leader in a subspecialty to consider Academic position.
And also you need to have some connections to get into academia. For example
, your mentor who is a big shot. Within academia, there are subtle
differences. Some positions are semi-academic. Y... 阅读全帖
T****g
发帖数: 705
6
11. Drug abuse, alcoholic 在美国精神科病人人群中是非常大的成分。我工作的
州是重灾区,我自己就有100多这样的Active patient。我在主持一个丁丙诺非项目,
在帮助这些病人。美国人对医生99.99%是非常尊重的,所以不存在受威胁的问题。
12. 我的典型的常规工作:我只做门诊,每周40小时。有一天带PGY3住院医生,半
天也带medical student。其他时间自己看病人,要自己写note。通常第一个病人 9am
,最后一个病人一般约在3:30pm。周二开始的早一个小时。有时会加病人到4点。然后
花半个小时把note完全完成后再回家。中午休息1小时。我们是教学医院一个新病人1个
小时;通常 private practice一个新病人是 30-45分钟。
13. 申请双科的话,你的材料准备要有艺术。当被问起是否申了双科的话,Honest
,但要有讲话艺术,自己想清楚了怎么说。我见过FM 或内科和精神科一起申请的。但
病理和精神科就比较远。
14. 要看suboxone 病人,需要做addiction fellowship 吗... 阅读全帖
h*******p
发帖数: 54
7
来自主题: MedicalCareer版 - 2017 Unexpected Radiology Position Opening
6/8/17 新空出的位置
John H Stroger Jr hospital of Cook County (DR) Residency Program will have
an additional opening in our R1(PGY-2) starting July 1, 2017. Our program is
located in the city of Chicago and has 16 total DR Residents.
The program offers a unique breadth of training experiences at Stroger
hospital, one of the largest public county hospitals in the country, and a
multitude of sub speciality satellite imaging venues. The diverse and
complex cases at cook provide our residents with gre... 阅读全帖
k******6
发帖数: 7
8
Purpose
The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) is seeking a Postdoctoral Research Associate with
experience and expertise in organic spintronics, with a strong emphasis on
the design, fabrication and characterization of organic spintronic device.
The CNMS http://cnms.ornl.qov/ is a nanoscience research facility supported by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The CNMS has a diverse spectrum of nanoscience activities includ... 阅读全帖
m*******e
发帖数: 1886
9
来自主题: Nursing版 - 请教面试经验。
看看这个有没有帮助:成功了要来报喜的哈!
(link: http://www.job-interview-site.com/nurse-interview-questions-and-answers-part-2.html
Below is a list of frequently asked nursing management interview questions
to prepare answering:
• How do you motivate your nursing staff?
• How do you mentor nurses and how much autonomy do you give nurses
for taking decisions regarding patient care?
• Give an example of a change you made to your nursing practices in
order to improve quality of the care you provide
N*G
发帖数: 217
10
来自主题: Nursing版 - 护士工作真的好吗? (转载)
No easy money. I always thought of that after I started working as RN. As
a bedside nurse, you have to do "dirty works". You may try to be a NP to
avoid that. For me, doing "dirty works" is not a problem. But lacking of
autonomy was killing me. For instance, you have to call for everything
even tylenol. Some people may like it because it protect them from any
mistake. But It makes me feel that I only use my muscles not my brain.
Well, it's totally personal feeling though
.
m*******e
发帖数: 1886
11
来自主题: Nursing版 - MD vs. NP--无稽之谈
补充一部分,NP的autonomy的程度,州和州之间有差异。
我现在rotate的诊所就是private practice,三个NP,没有MD,不需要MD review
charting。但是这类诊所很大部分针对的是那些medicare,没保险只有特殊program
cover的人
l**n
发帖数: 60
12
来自主题: Nursing版 - NP Salary Negotiation
I am a recent FNP graduate (as of last December) and went on a full job hunt
on my last semester of school. As a nurse I was making 80k a year or $38 an
hour (with shift differential for when I worked weekends or holidays). I
made it a point to interview in 16 different places as I didn't really know
what specialty I wanted to work in (and kind of still don't). I tried my
best to negotiate but people still looked at me like I was completely insane
. I'm in Florida and according to salary.com the... 阅读全帖
k******6
发帖数: 7
13
Purpose
The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) is seeking a Postdoctoral Research Associate with
experience and expertise in organic spintronics, with a strong emphasis on
the design, fabrication and characterization of organic spintronic device.
The CNMS http://cnms.ornl.qov/ is a nanoscience research facility supported by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The CNMS has a diverse spectrum of nanoscience activities includ... 阅读全帖

发帖数: 1
14
橡树岭国家实验室散裂中子源诚招有物理和计算背景的博后。
课题为运用高性能计算增强非弹性散射中子谱仪的分辨率。年薪约$65k。
https://recruiting.ornl.gov/sap/bc/webdynpro/sap/zornl_hrrcf_c_post_doc?sap-
language=EN&sap-client=010#
Job Posting Title
Postdoctoral Research Associate in Super-Resolution Inelastic Neutron
Scattering
Purpose
The Neutron Sciences Directorate (NScD) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (
ORNL) operates the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), the United States'
highest flux reactor based neutron source, and the Spallation Neutron Source
(... 阅读全帖
a******1
发帖数: 14
15
来自主题: PoliticalScience版 - China's political decentralization?
Deng的经济改革为什么要加强省级的autonomy和使用one-level down的cadre
management呢?
能提供一些相关论文的信息吗?
谢谢了!
j*******5
发帖数: 28
16
来自主题: Quant版 - [job info] Credit Risk Analyst
Our bank is looking for a credit risk analyst to develop and maintain credit
risk rating models such as PD and LGD models. The position is based in
Atlanta, GA. Please send your resume to c***************[email protected] if
interested.
Job Requirements
Education:
Advanced Degree in a quantitative field (Financial Engineering, Quantitative
Finance, Mathematics, Statistics, Economics)
Knowledge and Experience:
1. 3 years experience in modeling one or more of the following areas:
credit risk ratings or ... 阅读全帖
j*******5
发帖数: 28
17
来自主题: Statistics版 - [job info]Credit Risk Analyst
Our bank is looking for a credit risk analyst located in Atlanta, GA. Please
send your resume to c***************[email protected] if interested.
Job Description:
- Hands on responsibility of developing, asisting, and maintaining
commercial credit risk rating models including Default Probabilities (PD)
and Loss Given Default (LGD) models
- Act as lead or technical expert on assigned projects
- Communicate model assumptions, performance and implications to internal
and external clients
- Test models th... 阅读全帖
s*********e
发帖数: 1051
18
来自主题: Statistics版 - an open
Our client is seeking qualified applicants for the role of Research
Statistician in its Predictive Analytics team. They have been distinguished
by Fortune Magazine as one of the world's most admired companies for 2013.
This position is part of the a department, whose mission is to extend
knowledge, derive insights, and support a strategic framework to promote
innovation, balanced decision-making, and coordinated action across the
corporation. In this role you will be developing, interpreting and... 阅读全帖
l******1
发帖数: 12
19
来自主题: Statistics版 - contract position for Biostatistician
If you are interested, please send your resume to william.liu@
techdataservice.com.
Job Category: Clinical and Scientific
Job Code:
Job Title: Biostatistician III
Location: East Hanove, New Jersey

Duties:
Designing clinical studies. Writing and reviewing statistical sections and
other relevant parts of study synopses and protocols. Support study start up
activities.
Develop RAP, program TLFs, preparation for database lock, dry run and CSR
activities; review CRF, DB spec, VAP; su... 阅读全帖
m*****e
发帖数: 4193
20
来自主题: BrainTrust版 - 关于这类投诉
Yeah, Group 2&3 are sort of "autonomy". I think it's no wrong for BM to
stop 挑衅.
s********o
发帖数: 3319
21
【 以下文字转载自 MedicalCareer 讨论区 】
发信人: herby (小臭宝), 信区: MedicalCareer
标 题: [合集] 你有生以来做出的最佳临床诊断是什么?
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 2 00:01:26 2011, 美东)
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
Aplusplus (Hakuna Matata) 于 (Sun Mar 27 11:11:49 2011, 美东) 提到:
首先我申明,我放弃我的ignore list, 欢迎所有ID参加。
每个医生护士或者其他相关人员, 无论在中国还是美国, 肯定都有一些case刻骨铭心
。 请大家把你印象最深的一例写出来, 与大家分享。 比方说, 清华男被鉈杀案,
那个中国来的护士就是诊断的关键, 相信本例就是她一辈子也忘不了的诊断。
我觉得这样的讨论有助于大家提高学医热情,丰富医学知识,开拓临床思维, 间接帮
助考版医生复习,准备CS,和 interview. 你要是能从中挑一个case让你PD
impressed,我想我的... 阅读全帖
s********o
发帖数: 3319
22
【 以下文字转载自 MedicalCareer 讨论区 】
发信人: herby (小臭宝), 信区: MedicalCareer
标 题: [合集] 你有生以来做出的最佳临床诊断是什么?
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 2 00:01:26 2011, 美东)
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
Aplusplus (Hakuna Matata) 于 (Sun Mar 27 11:11:49 2011, 美东) 提到:
首先我申明,我放弃我的ignore list, 欢迎所有ID参加。
每个医生护士或者其他相关人员, 无论在中国还是美国, 肯定都有一些case刻骨铭心
。 请大家把你印象最深的一例写出来, 与大家分享。 比方说, 清华男被鉈杀案,
那个中国来的护士就是诊断的关键, 相信本例就是她一辈子也忘不了的诊断。
我觉得这样的讨论有助于大家提高学医热情,丰富医学知识,开拓临床思维, 间接帮
助考版医生复习,准备CS,和 interview. 你要是能从中挑一个case让你PD
impressed,我想我的... 阅读全帖
c*****d
发帖数: 164
23
来自主题: Medicalpractice版 - 【经验体会】I hate hospital!
当年俺 moonlight 赚的钱一年抵1.5个 academic attending. 不要小看穷FELLOW 地工
作热情, hoho.
Private practice should be the way to go (more autonomy and freedom), but
now with reimbursement differential between private docs and hospitals,
small private groups will not survive let alone thrive. I hate hospitals
too.
k*****r
发帖数: 16
24
来自主题: Medicalpractice版 - 美国医院的经营策略
2014 Survey of America’s Physicians, some interesting facts,
- 69% of physicians believe that their clinical autonomy is sometimes or
often limited and their decisions compromised.
- 53% of physicians describe themselves as hospital or medical group
employees, up from 44% in 2012 and 38% in 2008.
- 81% of physicians describe themselves as either overextended or at full
capacity, up from 75%in 2012 and 76% in 2008. Only 19% say they have time to
see more patients.
g*****d
发帖数: 991
25
来自主题: Medicalpractice版 - 谈谈行医美国规范化之病人自主权
与国内医护人员交流经常被问到的一个问题是,在美国,我们是如何把握病人的自主权
和隐私权的?我们知道,与美国的做法不同,在中国国内病人就医时,很多时候的医疗
决定是来自医生或家属,病人往往被排除在外,特别是当面对肿瘤等不可逆性疾病时。
我认为两国在病人自主权处理差别的原因,一方面来自医疗规范化,另一方面来自人文
和习惯。这里谈谈美国的做法,看看国内是否有借鉴之处。
病人自主权(Patient Autonomy),是指智力健全(Mentally Competent)的成年病人
有在医疗服务中做出自己决定的权力,它要求医务人员为病人提供医疗服务详情,教育
病人,但不能影响病人去做决定。病人有权力选择医疗方案甚至放弃医疗救护。病人自
主权是基本人权在医疗实践中的体现,尊重病人自主权是现代医学伦理学的基础。美国
医学生在医学院的学习中会接触到这方面的教育,相关科目是“行为科学”(
Behavioral Science),隶属于精神科和行为科学教研室。“行为科学”也是美国医师
执照考试(USMLE)的一个重要内容。
病人自主权在平时医疗实践中大致体现在知情同意书(Informed Consent)... 阅读全帖
c*****g
发帖数: 3871
26
欢庆吧...,
Federal workers:
About 800,000 federal employees could see their paychecks jeopardised.
Already hit hard by several unpaid furlough days caused by sequestration
this year some workers have begun lobbying to receive back pay in the event
of a shutdown. While Congress agreed to retroactively pay them during
previous shutdowns, the fractured nature of this Congress makes such a step
unlikely.
US military
The military's 1.4 million active-duty personnel would stay on duty, but
their paycheck... 阅读全帖
c*********n
发帖数: 87
27
来自主题: DataSciences版 - Research Scientist/Engineer Intern
Intelligent Fusion Technology (IFT) is a Research and Development (R&D)
company focused on information fusion technologies from basic research to
industry transition and product development and support. IFT is located in
Germantown, Maryland. We are working on modeling, control, communication,
signal/image/speech/text processing, security, autonomy, and decision making
in networked systems. We are looking for talented developers majoring in
engineering (e.g., EE, ME, AE), computer science, and/o... 阅读全帖
M****o
发帖数: 7045
28
这一段开头满难,我先翻了后面几段,xq先看看:
If we apply this strand of thinking to the situation at FC Barcelona in the
aftermath of the fall of the Primo de Rivera regime, then the club takes on
greater political significance. While the club itself may not have been
founded along political lines, it originally defined itself as “apolitical
but always prepared to stand up for the human rights of Catalans” (Burns:
1999, p.100), but the individuals guiding it seemed to behave in an
increasingly politically aware fash... 阅读全帖
f********m
发帖数: 8397
29
来自主题: _Auto_Fans版 - First Drive: 2012 Fisker Karma ZT
http://www.autoblog.com/2011/02/21/2012-fisker-karma-first-driv
road-test/
Hollywood, Your Plug-In Hybrid Electric Has Arrived
2012 Fisker Karma – Click above for high-res image gallery
Business partners Henrik Fisker and Bernhard Koehler are visibly on
edge. While they want to dedicate every ounce of their focus on this
all-important launch of their first baby, the 2012 Fisker Karma, their
attentions are being constantly pulled away from it by big conference
calls regarding the money and logist... 阅读全帖
u*****u
发帖数: 2651
30
来自主题: _innervision版 - 提高创造力七怪法
另一篇博文:
Boost Creativity: 7 Unusual Psychological Techniques
http://www.spring.org.uk/2010/03/boost-creativity-7-unusual-psychological-techniques.php
Everyone is creative: we can all innovate given time, freedom, autonomy,
experience to draw on, perhaps a role model to emulate and the motivation to
get on with it.
But there are times when even the most creative person gets bored, starts
going round in circles, or hits a cul-de-sac. So here are 7 unusual
creativity boosters that research has shown
i**e
发帖数: 19242
31
Dr. Daniel H. Pink website
http://www.danpink.com/drive
Drive
From Daniel H. Pink, the author of the bestselling A Whole New Mind, comes a
paradigm-shattering look at what truly motivates us and how we can use that
knowledge to work smarter and live better.
Most of us believe that the best way to motivate ourselves and others is
with external rewards like money—the carrot-and-stick approach. That’s a
mistake, Daniel H. Pink says in, Drive: The Surprising Truth About What
Motivates Us, his provoc... 阅读全帖
C*******y
发帖数: 623
32
大概这种需要一定创造性的工作,人需要autonomy多一些。
y***y
发帖数: 4957
33
来自主题: _BibleStudy版 - ZT: 从圣经观点看安乐死
从圣经观点看安乐死
经文:马太福音十章29节
前言
「安乐死」euthanasia 一词最早出现在英国学者培根(Francis Bacon, 1561 -
1626 )的著作「新大西洋」中。在该书籍中,培根认为医生除了医治病人,使之痊愈之
外,也要减轻他的痛苦,必要时甚至要使病人能够「安逸地」死去。
对经医疗救治无效者,医者如何判定病人已近濒死状态,或致而必须施以安死术,
此类有关死亡的判定,各界对的共同结论大致为:
一.对刺激不显反应,即无法引起强烈疼痛的刺激。
二.病人不能动作(肌肉不能收缩),无法自行呼吸(呼吸器关闭三分钟无自发性呼
吸)。
三.所有反射机能全部丧失。
四.脑电图显示水平直线达十分钟以上。
对于实施安乐死之讨论,除了「死亡」如何判定关系相当重要外,诸多伦理性的问
题亦成为实施安乐死的考虑重点:
1. 病人意愿的尊重:亦即重视病患在其医疗决定上的自主权(the right of
autonomy) 。病患在得知自己真实病情之后,或许不愿意受到尔后治疗时的痛苦,甚或
不愿眼见亲人家属为持续本身残败的余生,而背负财物、精神上极大的压力,因而立下
「活的遗嘱」(livin
y***y
发帖数: 4957
34
Tell them in private first
送交者: xinmin 2012月08月27日09:09:31 于 [彩虹之约] 
;发送悄悄话
回  答:对不起,还是请允许我保持距离吧 由 四季树 于2012-08-27 07:39
:35
So that they know how you feel about it.
Here are some potential replies to their comments.
 
“神给你天然的黑发,为什么去染头发?女人不要去追逐时髦,那是虚荣的。”
说话的姐妹嘴唇上涂着唇膏,烫着头发。
染头发 is fun, for a change in color, just like 烫头发 is fun, for a change
in shape (straight hair to curly hair). I guess both do not have to be for
fashion or vanity.
“你在脸书注册时,你丈夫知道吗?或某位弟兄加你... 阅读全帖
j*******7
发帖数: 6300
35
来自主题: _BibleStudy版 - 加尔文论圣灵见证圣经 (转载)
【 以下文字转载自 TrustInJesus 讨论区 】
发信人: jmsma2007 (James), 信区: TrustInJesus
标 题: 加尔文论圣灵见证圣经
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Nov 15 17:57:16 2013, 美东)
加尔文论圣灵见证圣经——读《基督教要义》第一卷6-9章
巴刻(J. I. Packer)曾说过一句话,大意是,他每次阅读《基督教要义》都会感到新
奇与惊讶,因为他经常发现,往往似乎是最近刚出现的一个异端,加尔文早已在这本书
中深刻地批判过了。同样,相比先辈们的信念,今天教会在“圣经论”上的偏移,越来
越让人感到不安,需要我们急切地寻求关于这个主题的古旧教导。五百年前加尔文对此
主题的阐释于我们而言有非常重要的意义。
一、圣经对认识神的绝对必要性
普遍启示作为神赐给人必要、清晰、充足的启示,由于人的罪的缘故,在人的心中被压
制、被“阻挡”(罗1:18);正如“律法既因肉体软弱有所不能行的”(罗8:3),神
已经显明在人心里和被造万物中,叫人无可推诿的普遍启示,也因“肉体软弱”而“有
所不能行的”——使人对神普遍启示的认识充满了... 阅读全帖
j*******7
发帖数: 6300
36
来自主题: _BibleStudy版 - 一种生命的凝聚力 (转载)
【 以下文字转载自 TrustInJesus 讨论区 】
发信人: jmsma2007 (James), 信区: TrustInJesus
标 题: 一种生命的凝聚力
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Feb 6 17:49:16 2014, 美东)
一种生命的凝聚力
简介:圣灵作为赐人生命的灵有一种生命的凝聚力,这表现于圣灵所结的果子。
教会作为基督的身体有“大公性”,不但传承了两千年的生命历史,也涵盖着全世
界不同宗族的人群,所谓“大公”就是全范围的,一切有基督生命的教会群体都归属其
中。这里牵涉一个如何能够维系合一的实际问题,如果社会团体得靠着某种共同价值来
维持,宗教团体也有信仰内容与礼仪经典,基督信仰当然也会有确切的信仰真理内容并
圣经与礼仪,然而这些假若缺乏了圣灵的同在便都只会变成空洞的外壳。圣灵作为赐人
生命的灵有一种生命的凝聚力,这表现于圣灵所结的果子。
保罗在加拉太书5:22-23谈论圣灵的果子时,倒是把重点放在第一个主词“仁爱”
上,我们也许可以把后面八种的描述:喜乐、和平、忍耐、恩慈、良善、信实、温柔、
节制,都理解为是环绕着仁爱的内容加... 阅读全帖
e***e
发帖数: 3872
37
【 以下文字转载自 ClassicalMusic 讨论区,原文如下 】
发信人: etude (胭脂醉), 信区: ClassicalMusic
标 题: Stravinsky-音乐的现象(XIV) End
发信站: The unknown SPACE (Wed Jan 12 23:44:24 2000) WWW-POST
It is customary to distinguish instrumental forms from vocal forms.
The instrumental element enjoys an autonomy that the vocal element
does not enjoy, since the latter is bound to words. Through the course of
history each of these media has left its impress upon the forms to which
it has given rise. Basically, such distinctions consti
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