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T*****n
发帖数: 2456 | 3 亚马逊上的科普级别review
It often amazes me that there seems to be an inverse relationship to the
importance of a document and the number of words contained therein. Think of
how few words are in the Lord's Prayer, the 23rd Psalm, the Gettysburg
Address. This book continues in that fashion. In a mere 38 pages of text,
this small booklet represents a major move in ecumenical understanding
between Catholic and Protestant churches.
For hundreds of years, the Lutheran church, the definitive church of the
sta... 阅读全帖 |
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J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 4 简单的说，我的前几句话说的是，人们知道什么是好什么是坏，但是很多时候没有动机
去选择做好事。因为人是slave to sin。
Romans 2
14 (Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things
required by the law, they are a law for themselves, even though they do not
have the law. 15 They show that the requirements of the law are written on
their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts
sometimes accusing them and at other times even defending them.)
圣经让我们成为slave to righteousness。所以我也认为圣经是必须的。
见Romans 6，我引那段。显然这里不是把... 阅读全帖 |
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n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 5 The entire Bible is written for us, but not every verse is addressed to us
or written about us.
By Justin Johnson
It would be self-defeating to deire a greater understanding of the Bible by
cutting portions out. God forbid we eliminate or ignore one word, syllable,
or punctuation from the complete sacred text of God’s perfect Word!
The entire Bible is written for us, but not every verse is addressed to us
or written about us.
Rightly dividing the word of truth does not insinuate cutting off Scri... 阅读全帖 |
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n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 6 What is the difference between original sin and imputed sin?
The terms "original sin" and "imputed sin" refer to the two main effects
that Adam's sin had on the human race.
First, as a result of Adam's sin we all enter the world with a fallen nature
. This is original sin--the sinful tendencies, desires, and dispositions in
our hearts with which we are all born. Thus, original sin is something
inherent in us--it is a morally ruined character. The original sin that we
are all born with manifests ... 阅读全帖 |
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n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 7 What is the difference between original sin and imputed sin?
The terms "original sin" and "imputed sin" refer to the two main effects
that Adam's sin had on the human race.
First, as a result of Adam's sin we all enter the world with a fallen nature
. This is original sin--the sinful tendencies, desires, and dispositions in
our hearts with which we are all born. Thus, original sin is something
inherent in us--it is a morally ruined character. The original sin that we
are all born with manifests ... 阅读全帖 |
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J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 8 你的疑问还是建立在你的猜想之上得，耶稣如何复活，或是耶稣复活后是什么状态，这
个石头，白布如何处理等等，都是神的意志，或者也许不是。我们没必要去猜想这些细
节。
如果你真的感兴趣可以在NETbible上看到各种解释。
https://lumina.bible.org/bible/Matthew+28
点右边Constable's Notes。
也可以参考其它福音书的说明。
B. The King’s resurrection ch. 28
The resurrection is central to Christian theology (cf. 1 Cor. 15:12-19).
However the Gospel evangelists did not deal with the theological
implications of the resurrection but simply recorded the facts. The Apostle
Paul wrote much to help us appreciate the significance of this g... 阅读全帖 |
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n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 9 What is True Success?
By David J. Stewart | September 2007
"For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose
his own soul?" -Mark 8:36
I recently saw an interview on PBS. Both Bill Gates and Warren Buffet were
being interview by a group of university college students. Two of the
richest men in the world, sitting side-by-side, answering questions about
their success; yet, they are poorer than poor. It was noted on the TV
screen that Bill Gates and his family live in a... 阅读全帖 |
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l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 10 我估计那位“德国主教Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber”是这位
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber
Michael von Faulhaber(March 5, 1869 – June 12, 1952) was a Roman Catholic
Cardinal who was Archbishop of Munich for 35 years, from 1917 to his death
in 1952. Faulhaber was a political opponent of the Nazi government and
considered Nazi ideology incompatible with Christianity; but he also
rejected the Weimar Republic as rooted in treason[1] and opposed democratic
government in general, favoring a Catho... 阅读全帖 |
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n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 11 怀疑者的八大质疑(七中)“教会历史充满压迫与暴力”
编者注: 这一系列文章是改编自 李·史特博(Lee Strobel)所著的《为何说‘不’?
— 基督信仰再思》(The Case for Faith). 史特博是耶鲁大学法学硕士, 美国著名日
报《芝加哥论坛报》屡获新闻奖的法庭与法事资深记者和编辑, 并在罗斯福大学任教.
他曾是个不信神的怀疑者, 极力反对基督信仰. 但他因着妻子1979年信主后人品和性格
的改变而对基督信仰开始改观. 他要找出有没有可靠的证据, 证明耶稣是神的儿子. 为
了证实四福音的可靠性, 并主耶稣受死和复活的真实性, 他以两年时间访查13位美国著
名圣经学者, 向他们提出怀疑派常问的尖锐问题. 结果是: 在证据确凿, 无懈可击的情
况下, 他于1981年11月8日, 真诚地认罪悔改, 接受主耶稣基督为他的救主. 他把访查
实录写于《重审耶稣》(The Case for Christ)一书中.
信主后的史特博读了不少质疑基督信仰的书籍和文章, 包括一本题为《告别上帝: 我摒
弃基督信仰的理由》的书. 此书作者坦布尔顿(Charles Templeton)本是葛... 阅读全帖 |
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w******o
发帖数: 3259 | 12 开始只是觉得旋律好听，听懂了词以后觉得太牛叉了。美国现在的音乐真是不行了，到
处是黑人骂街，搞得我都不想听收音机了
I used to rule the world
Seas would rise when I gave the word
Now in the morning I sleep alone
Sweep the streets I used to own
I used to roll the dice
Feel the fear in my enemy's eyes
Listen as the crowd would sing
"Now the old king is dead! Long live the king!"
One minute I held the key
Next the walls were closed on me
And I discovered that my castles stand
Upon pillars of salt and pillars of sand
I hear Jerusalem bells a-ringing
Roman C... 阅读全帖 |
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y****d
发帖数: 432 | 13 【7】【Springer】GTM美国研究生数学书籍全集
LIST：
1 Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory, Gaisi Takeuti, W. M. Zaring
2 Measure and Category, John C. Oxtoby
3 Topological Vector Spaces, H.H. Schaefer, M.P. Wolff
4 A Course in Homological Algebra, Peter Hilton, Urs Stammbach
5 Categories for the Working Mathematician, Saunders Mac Lane
6 Projective Planes, Hughes, Piper
7 A Course in Arithmetic, Jean-Pierre Serre
8 Axiomatic Set Theory, Gaisi Takeuti, Zaring
9 Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation The... 阅读全帖 |
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h*******d
发帖数: 1191 | 14 答辯反對意見（三1～8）
保羅在此假想，有一個人打斷他的論證，說：「這樣說來，如果只有裏面作猶太人
才算數，如果內心的『割禮』才有用，那麼，作猶太人或肉身受到割禮，又有什麼益處
？」對這個假設的問題，我們可能以為保羅會斬釘截鐵地回答：「當然沒有！」但是，
他的回答大大出乎我們意料，他說：「凡事大有好處。」作受割禮之國的國民當然有好
處。試想，神曾經給我們多少恩典117──別的國家完全無份。若要保羅否定他列祖所
傳流的遺產，就太過份了。何況他已經發現，他所獻身的福音，正是他的同胞歷世歷代
的盼望。
在以色列先祖所領受的各樣恩典中，保羅認為最重要的一項，是他們託管「神的聖
言」。神將祂旨意與計劃的啟示託付給他們，這是何等大的榮幸。但這份至高的榮幸，
也帶來極大的責任。若他們不能盡忠所託，就比神沒有啟示的列國更糟榚。
而事實上，以色列人沒有忠於這個託付。這一點也許可以成為反對保羅的理由，因
為保羅說，作接受聖言之國的國民大有好處。但他回答道，人的不信無法改變神的信實
，或破壞祂的計劃。他們的不信只有更鮮明地襯託出祂的真實：祂的義永遠勝過他們的
不義。
接著保羅又對付另一個反對意見。有人可能會... 阅读全帖 |
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h*******d
发帖数: 1191 | 15 隨稱義而得來的福份：和平、喜樂、盼望、愛（五1～11）
保羅闡明了神稱罪人為義的方法，並且建立了其聖經基礎之後，便列出了一連串福
份，就是那些以信算為義的人自然會得到的祝福。第一項是與神和好。因基督的死，
從前與神處於敵對狀況的人，現在與他相和了。保羅在別處也曾說，神的旨意是要藉基
督「叫萬有……都與自己和好」，而最首要的，是要與那些從前「與神隔絕……心裏與
祂為敵」的人和好（西一20～22）。基督已經成就了這和平，歷世歷代的信徒都親身體
驗到此事實。神已經藉基督使這種和好生效了，祂呼召人來白白領受，享受其權益，與
神相和。
這和平帶來親近神的權益；從前的叛徒不僅得到赦罪，免受刑罰，並且還被賦予神
寵愛的地位──「現在所站的這恩典」。藉基督，他們得以進入蒙恩的地位，同樣，
藉基督，他們也歡歡喜喜地盼望將來的榮耀。和平與喜樂是福音所帶來的雙胞祝福；
曾有一位傳道人說：「和平是喜樂在安息；喜樂是和平在跳舞。」
這裏提到三種喜樂的因素。第一個是榮耀的盼望。第八章對這種榮耀將作更清楚的
描述。神的榮耀是祂創造人類的目的（參三23註釋{\LinkToBook:TopicID=136,Name=A... 阅读全帖 |
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h*******d
发帖数: 1191 | 16 Romans 12
Living Sacrifices to God
1 I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that you present
your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your
reasonable service. 2 And do not be conformed to this world, but be
transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that
good and acceptable and perfect will of God.
Serve God with Spiritual Gifts
3 For I say, through the grace given to me, to everyone who is among you,
not to think of himself m... 阅读全帖 |
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m******t
发帖数: 2416 | 17 说得很是。据史书记载，在Rome，政府说献花非法，Romans
马上就要obey。旅居迦太基的Romans不但远程obey，而且祭起
“文化差异”将迦太基同事辩得哑口无言。 |
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M*********r
发帖数: 50 | 18 Apparently you are using a different book of science.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy
"Poppies have long been used as a symbol of both sleep and death: sleep
because of the opium extracted from them, and death because of their (
commonly) blood-red color. In Greco-Roman myths, poppies were used as
offerings to the dead.[1] Poppies are used as emblems on tombstones to
symbolize eternal sleep. This aspect was used, fictionally, in The Wonderful
Wizard of Oz to create magical poppy fields, dange... 阅读全帖 |
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c**i
发帖数: 6973 | 19 Chinese tourists l A new Grand Tour; China’s tourists are carving out a
new European itinerary, with some unexpected stops. Economist, Dec 16, 2010.
http://www.economist.com/node/17722582?story_id=17722582
"Paris shops such as Louis Vuitton are essential stops: witness their
Mandarin-speaking staff.
"It is a standing joke among Chinese travellers that many products snapped
up abroad bear 'Made in China' labels. But there is some sense to this
seeming madness. Thanks to hefty taxes and customs ... 阅读全帖 |
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c**i
发帖数: 6973 | 20 Michael Wines, A U.S.-China Odyssey: Building a Better Mouse Map. New York
Times, Jan 29, 2011.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/29/world/asia
/29china.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=fudan&st=cse
Note:
(a) Tian Xu, PhD, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale
Universoty, undated.
http://medicine.yale.edu
/genetics/people/tian_xu.profile
Quote:
"Professor of Genetics; Vice Chairman of Genetics; Investigator, Howard
Hughes Medical Institute; Director, Yale Center for Functional Genomics"
"Education[:]... 阅读全帖 |
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o**1
发帖数: 6383 | 21 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
MarketMaker (BigWave) 于 (Wed Nov 10 16:44:14 2010, 美东) 提到:
I always thought respect is mutual.
《每日电讯报》说，卡梅伦与阁员在人民大会堂时，拒绝中方对他们除下罂粟花的要求。
该报引述随行的一名首相府人员说：“中方人员对我们说佩戴罂粟花是不恰当的，因为
两国曾经发生鸦片战争。我们告诉他们这花对我们有重大意义，我们所有人会继续佩戴
。”
很多英国人习惯在11月份在衣襟佩戴罂粟花，纪念两次大战和其他战争中牺牲的英国军
人和平民。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War
The first Opium War was the beginning of a long period of weakening the
state and civil revolt in China, and long-term depopulation. In 1842, China'... 阅读全帖 |
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c*c
发帖数: 2397 | 22 【 以下文字转载自 LeisureTime 讨论区 】
发信人: cxc (宁鸣而死不默而生), 信区: LeisureTime
标 题: 余英时：反智论与中国政治传统
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Aug 19 14:29:57 2011, 美东)
http://www.historykingdom.com/read-htm-tid-107849.html
反智论与中国政治传统
——论儒、道、法三家政治思想的分野与汇流
一 引 言
中国的政治传统中一向弥漫着一层反智的气氛；我们如果用“自古已然，于今为烈
”这句成语来形容它，真是再恰当不过了。但是首先我们要说明什么叫做“反智”。
“反智论”是译自英文的anti-intellectualism，也可以译做“反智识主义”。“
反智论”并非一种学说、一套理论，而是一种态度；这种态度在文化的各方面都有痕迹
可寻，并不限于政治的领域。中国虽然没有“反智论”这个名词，但“反智”的现象则
一直是存在的。因为这个现象可以说普遍地存在于一切文化之中，中国自然不是例外。
研究这一现象的学者都感到不易给“反智论”下一个清晰的定义... 阅读全帖 |
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k******k
发帖数: 6800 | 23 北洋，乃至晚清的历史，是国共两党同时抹黑的重灾区。
现在发现，学界对这一段的真相清理做的越来越好了！
加油！
北京政府对旧俄条约权益的清理，1917—1922
唐启华
原文出处：《文史哲》2009年第5期
摘要：旧俄于清末民初在华取得许多条约特权。1917年十月革命爆发，北京政府及东北
、新疆地方当局，于1917至1922年间相机收回大部分旧俄在华条约权益，造成既定事实
，为日后《中俄协定》苏联原则上放弃条约特权奠定下坚实的基础。在此过程中，北京
政府与东北、新疆地方当局的协力合作，值得注意。北京外交团担心条约权益受损，常
干涉中方的清理行动，北京政府虽作了部分让步，但在主权攸关部分，则能坚持立场。
藉由对北京政府清理旧俄条约权益之考察，可增进学界对北洋外交的理解，并可对苏俄
“主动”广自愿”放弃旧俄在华条约特权之旧说，作适度的修正。
关键词：中俄协定；不平等条约；外交档案；中外关系
以往学界多认为，旧俄（或称帝俄、沙俄）在华条约特权系苏俄“主动”、“自愿”放
弃，先于1919、1920年两度宣言，后在1924年5月《中俄协定》中正式承认：“将中国
政府与前俄帝国政府所订立之一切公约、... 阅读全帖 |
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dy
发帖数: 12 | 24 美索不达米亚本来也是守不住的，哈德里安放弃它并没有什么大的问题。
下面是《牛津古典辞典》对图拉真在东部的战争的评论：
"At least one new province(Mesoptamia) was created, and possibly
another(Assyria); coins celebrated the 'capture of Parthia', and
'Armenia and Mesopotamia brought into the power of Roman people'.
The emperor advanced to the Persian Gulf, but his success proved
transitory as serious uprisings occurred in the captured territory
to the army's rear, and a major insurrection of the Jews in the
eastern provinces spread to Mesopotamia in 116. T... 阅读全帖 |
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g********n
发帖数: 4809 | 25 These Roman authorities were appointed the responsibility for maintaining
peace as well as collecting taxes. However, the collection system allowed
the Procurators to keep any amount exceeding the tax quota, leading to
corrupt means of extracting money from local citizens including individual
tax orders and in some cases outright looting and theft.
In addition, Roman authorities declared control over the appointment of the
High Priest amongst Jewish society in order to secure individuals willing |
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g********n
发帖数: 4809 | 26 These Roman authorities were appointed the responsibility for maintaining
peace as well as collecting taxes. However, the collection system allowed
the Procurators to keep any amount exceeding the tax quota, leading to
corrupt means of extracting money from local citizens including individual
tax orders and in some cases outright looting and theft.
In addition, Roman authorities declared control over the appointment of the
High Priest amongst Jewish society in order to secure individuals willing |
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l***i
发帖数: 632 | 27 migration period持续了很久
roman empire灭亡以后还持续了200年这样
比如anglo-saxon人migrate到英国就是roman britain灭亡以后的事情了 |
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e********3
发帖数: 18578 | 28 Diodorus gives an account of Xanthippus' death. After the battle of Tunis,
Xanthippus stopped in the city of Lilybaeum which was besieged by the Romans
. He inspired courage and led an attack defeating the Romans. Jealous of
Xanthippus' success, the city betrayed him by giving him a leaky ship and he
supposedly sank in the Adriatic Sea on his voyage home.
Diodorus Siculus (Greek: Διόδωρος Σικελιώτη&#
962;), was a Greek historian who lived in the 1st century BC. According to
Diodor... 阅读全帖 |
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w*****2
发帖数: 1584 | 29 亨利宣扬的是anglican,
anglican和roman catholic的教义肯定是不一样的,虽然都用圣经,但是不同的领导者(
罗马教廷的教皇 vs坎特伯雷大主教)可以对圣经有不同的解释.所以英格兰会和roman
catholic的爱尔兰有宗教冲突.
anglican的推广是打击了教会的势力,
教会和教士的土地,财产,影响力相比欧洲大陆的西班牙和法国,都减少了,而英国的重商
主义达到全世界的领先地位.
anglican和protestant也是两码事.
亨利八世之后, protestant主要是在欧洲大陆的德意志地区,尼德兰地区以reform的形
式展开,在马丁路德等的领导下发展起来. 到了伊丽莎白一世时期,英国因为奉行
anglican,还处决了若干protestant.所以才会有英国protestant跑路到北美.
但是anglican和protestant在打击罗马教廷势力方面的作用是类似的,都是削弱教会对
社会资源的控制,比如anglican的教区可以有counsil,可以自己投票选举教区领导人,似
乎是西方现代民主制度的一个发源.
中文的"新教",有时候指罗马教廷之外的... 阅读全帖 |
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v*****s
发帖数: 20290 | 30 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
bingya (bing) 于 (Tue Feb 15 20:20:12 2011, 美东) 提到:
１９６７年４月１０号批斗王光美的大会，刘源不知道去了没有，刘平平和刘婷婷都去
了。她们两个我认识，都坐在在第一排，在喊“打倒王光美”的口号时也喊得响着呢。
这些，其实我们都需要放到当时的历史环境中去看待的。
因为这些事情，王光美对我非常反感。我刑满后，有一年调到北京工作，当时全家
都已经来北京了。据说王光美知道后，给陈希同打电话，说我对老同志有刺激。陈希同
就下令，把蒯大富驱逐出北京。
对于和刘少奇、王光美的关系，这里分几个层次来说：一个从好的方面来说，我和
刘少奇、王光美的矛盾是一种双方的误会。但是，他们代表了一种共产党基本的思维定
式，就是１９５７年反右的思维定式。他们认为，派工作组是共产党一直行之有效的手
段，这也是中央工作班子集体决定的。一般情况都是这样的嘛，土改时这样做，１９５
７年也这么干的嘛，四清就不用说了。我估计刘少奇当时的想法啊，他认为毛泽东肯定
会支持他，至少不应当反对。那么，... 阅读全帖 |
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e********3
发帖数: 18578 | 31 The Battle of Issus occurred in southern Anatolia, in November 333 BC.
Strength
Macedonia:
40,850 in total:
13,000 peltasts,[1]
22,000 heavy infantry,[2]
Persia:
Units Numbers
Peltasts 69,000
Persian Immortals 10,000
Greek hoplites 10,000
Cavalry 11,000
Total 100,000
The Battle of Sentinum (295 BC) was the decisive battle of the Third Samnite
War, fought in 295 BC near Sentinum (next to Sassoferrato, modern central-
eastern Italy).
Strength
40,000 50,000
The Battle of... 阅读全帖 |
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c*c
发帖数: 2397 | 32 【 以下文字转载自 LeisureTime 讨论区 】
发信人: cxc (宁鸣而死不默而生), 信区: LeisureTime
标 题: 余英时：反智论与中国政治传统
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Aug 19 14:29:57 2011, 美东)
http://www.historykingdom.com/read-htm-tid-107849.html
反智论与中国政治传统
——论儒、道、法三家政治思想的分野与汇流
一 引 言
中国的政治传统中一向弥漫着一层反智的气氛；我们如果用“自古已然，于今为烈
”这句成语来形容它，真是再恰当不过了。但是首先我们要说明什么叫做“反智”。
“反智论”是译自英文的anti-intellectualism，也可以译做“反智识主义”。“
反智论”并非一种学说、一套理论，而是一种态度；这种态度在文化的各方面都有痕迹
可寻，并不限于政治的领域。中国虽然没有“反智论”这个名词，但“反智”的现象则
一直是存在的。因为这个现象可以说普遍地存在于一切文化之中，中国自然不是例外。
研究这一现象的学者都感到不易给“反智论”下一个清晰的定义... 阅读全帖 |
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b****r
发帖数: 2555 | 33 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
g0900502 (草长莺飞) 于 (Fri Oct 14 13:36:37 2011, 美东) 提到:
德国攻占波兰之后，到攻打法国之前，法国认为德国将继续向东进攻苏联，英国认为自
身职责在于海空封锁德国。假如元首放弃进攻法国，而是全力进攻苏联，并且日本放弃
南进政策，同样全力进攻苏联，那么以德日两国力量，摧毁苏联共产主义应该不在话下
。英法美应当先实行绥靖政策，待苏联要败而未败之时，趁机东渡莱茵河直捣柏林，同
时美国海军主力攻打日本本土。那么情况就很微妙了。
德国主力在苏联的欧洲部分，回防柏林鞭长莫及，很可能留一部分继续追缴共匪，主力
急救柏林。英法美倾全力攻占柏林不在话下，然后继续向东，估计能够在波兰和德军主
力相遇，假设美军赢，苏联境内德军向英法美投降，苏联的欧洲部分落入英法美手中。
苏联的亚洲部分仍在日本手中，美海军攻打日本本土又久攻不下，进入僵持阶段，然后
1945年8月投原子弹，日本投降，日军撤出西伯利亚和中国。中共失去苏联支持，最终
在内战中败亡。
胜利方：英法美
失败方：德意日法... 阅读全帖 |
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o**********s
发帖数: 2058 | 34 most current movies about ancient Roman/Greece use northern European
actresses. Northern European and Sountern European (Greeks/Italians) have
very different physique.
In summary, the impression that ancient Roman soldiers have big muscles is a
illusion created by Hollywood. |
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k******k
发帖数: 6800 | 35 【 以下文字转载自 ChinaNews 讨论区 】
发信人: kirklook (海日克星哈哈哈！), 信区: ChinaNews
标 题: 政大牛人唐启华老师的论文！ 北洋修约史
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Feb 3 18:27:14 2012, 美东)
北洋，乃至晚清的历史，是国共两党同时抹黑的重灾区。
现在发现，学界对这一段的真相清理做的越来越好了！
加油！
北京政府对旧俄条约权益的清理，1917—1922
唐启华
原文出处：《文史哲》2009年第5期
摘要：旧俄于清末民初在华取得许多条约特权。1917年十月革命爆发，北京政府及东北
、新疆地方当局，于1917至1922年间相机收回大部分旧俄在华条约权益，造成既定事实
，为日后《中俄协定》苏联原则上放弃条约特权奠定下坚实的基础。在此过程中，北京
政府与东北、新疆地方当局的协力合作，值得注意。北京外交团担心条约权益受损，常
干涉中方的清理行动，北京政府虽作了部分让步，但在主权攸关部分，则能坚持立场。
藉由对北京政府清理旧俄条约权益之考察，可增进学界对北洋外交的理解，并可对苏俄
“主动”广自愿”放弃旧俄在华条约特权之... 阅读全帖 |
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r******t
发帖数: 8967 | 36 第250“蓝色”步兵师在1941年6月末组建于西班牙，此时正是德国大举入侵苏联之际。
相对其它外国志愿师来说，这支部队是一支真正意义上的志愿部队，其组成的志愿兵均
为征召的西班牙人。西班牙之所以组建这个师并参加侵苏集团，是为了报答德国在1936
－1939年西班牙内战时期给予的支援。希特勒为弗朗哥提供了大量的军事援助，包括空
军、海军和地面部队。1939年大战爆发后，希特勒曾向弗朗哥频频施压，企图将西班牙
也拉拢到轴心国一边。但弗朗哥十分狡猾，他并不想卷入到这场战争中与英法为敌，并
拒绝了德国一再提出的借道西班牙，攻占直布罗陀的请求。虽然自称中立，但弗朗哥还
是明显偏向纳粹。西班牙外交部长Ramón Serrano Suner向弗朗哥建议组建一支西班牙
志愿师，其人员从陆军和长枪党党徒中挑选，以帮助德国在东线的作战。这个计划当即
获得了弗朗哥的批准。至7月2日征兵站关闭为止，竟然得到了众多人的响应，人数远远
超过了组建一个师的需要，不得不打发多余的一万多人回家。
这个师最初简称为西班牙志愿师(DEV)，全师的18000名兵员均按照严格的征兵制
度从西班牙各地征集，均是西班牙... 阅读全帖 |
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e********3
发帖数: 18578 | 37 By the time of the Roman Republic, which flourished during the Iron Age, the
classical world was well-acquainted with steel and the steel-making process
. Pure iron is relatively soft, but pure iron is never found in nature.
Natural iron ore contains various impurities in solid solution, which harden
the reduced metal by producing irregular-shaped metallic crystals. The
Gladius is generally made out of iron, while the ones carried by officers
were often of higher quality and made out of bronze o... 阅读全帖 |
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f**********4
发帖数: 2617 | 38 本文正文的叙述已经进入公元第六世纪，查士丁尼的登场即将发生。然而，到目前为止
，正文叙述的重点主要还是历史事件与军事斗争，忽略了两个很重要的方面：其一是帝
国的内部结构，其二是基督教的发展。缺乏这两个方面的基本认识将令我们的历史之旅
陷入迷雾。笔者将开辟两个番外篇分别针对这两个问题进行粗浅的介绍。
《番外篇之帝国制度》的参考书主要是一本《晚期罗马帝国史》（”History of the
Later Roman Empire”）作者J. B. Bury，是生活在19世纪末20世纪初的一名爱尔兰籍
历史学家。他的《晚罗史》与吉本的巨著《罗衰史》所涵盖的历史时期大致重合，其叙
述却更加符合近现代历史研究者和爱好者的习惯要求。本篇的内容可以说基本上就是《
晚罗史》第一卷第一章和第二章的简单总结。有兴趣的同学可以直接进入以下链接：
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BUR
“皇帝”无疑是罗马帝国的最高首脑。作为中国读者，须要对罗马“皇帝”的认识格外
小心。实际上，东方和西方的历史传统是如此的不同，以至于某一方用... 阅读全帖 |
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F******w
发帖数: 1278 | 39 不是不想。而是找不到。而且是个传说
Attila’s Lost Treasure
Written by Kevin Jackson
Tuesday, 14 August 2007
Mankind throughout its history has been drawn to treasure like moths to a
flame. For the incredibly small chance of success, treasure seekers have
been willing to risk everything, including their lives. Even with all of the
modern technology available today, the world is a big place that is loaded
with lost treasures. The truth is that very few of them will ever be found,
but this does not keep us from look... 阅读全帖 |
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s***i
发帖数: 10182 | 40 Qin Dynasty 秦朝 221–206 BC
GDP per capita: Unknow
The share of Qing and the dynasties before are too aged to calculate, no
relevant data is available, so we only start from the Han dynasty.
Han dynasty 汉朝 (206 BC–220 AD)
GDP per capita: $450
Han Dynasty accounted for 26% of the global wealth, at that time the Roman
Empire dominated western world. Han Dynasty is the economic center of the
eastern world.
Tang Dynasty 唐朝 618 – 907 AD
GDP per capita:$480
China’s feudal society gets to its peak in T... 阅读全帖 |
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s***i
发帖数: 10182 | 41 Qin Dynasty 秦朝 221–206 BC
GDP per capita: Unknow
The share of Qing and the dynasties before are too aged to calculate, no
relevant data is available, so we only start from the Han dynasty.
Han dynasty 汉朝 (206 BC–220 AD)
GDP per capita: $450
Han Dynasty accounted for 26% of the global wealth, at that time the Roman
Empire dominated western world. Han Dynasty is the economic center of the
eastern world.
Tang Dynasty 唐朝 618 – 907 AD
GDP per capita:$480
China’s feudal society gets to its peak in T... 阅读全帖 |
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f**********4
发帖数: 2617 | 42 H. J. Chaytor A history of Aragon and Catalonia, Chapter 5
"... In any case, the heresy was not an isolated movement, but was in
continuity with beliefs prevalent in other parts of Europe. It was a poor
man's heresy and emerged into the light of history only when it happened to
attract large masses of people or aristocratic [71] adherents. It was also a
pre-Reformation movement, essentially in opposition to Roman catholicism
and sustained by popular indignation against the dissolute and scanda... 阅读全帖 |
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s******e
发帖数: 1751 | 43 帝国时代的罗马人和共和国时期的罗马人不是一样的人？
因为安东尼和沃大维把brutus cassius 给灭族了, 所以Roman Empire and Roman
Republic人种就突变了？ |
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d****z
发帖数: 9503 | 44 欧洲人自己都说holy roman empire was neither holy, nor roman, nor empire嘛。 |
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c******o
发帖数: 1184 | 45 评价的不错
http://www.exurbe.com/?p=2176
“The Borgias” vs. “Borgia: Faith and Fear” (accuracy in historical
fiction)
Posted by exurbe on July 26, 2013 Fandom
BorgiaFrenchTVPoster
A French “Spot the Saint” themed poster for “Borgia: Faith and Fear”
assigning Cesare the attributes: archbishop’s robes, scythe, dagger, bloody
hands, blood. The French caption reads “Don’t have faith in them.” I
can’t argue.
There was a Borgia boom in 2011 when, aiming to capitalize on the commercial
success of The Tudor... 阅读全帖 |
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e****i
发帖数: 2152 | 46 http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/China_book/Chapter_1.pdf
Official Encouragement of New Crops, Multicropping, Higher Yields and
Diffusion of Best Practice Technology
Another feature of Chinese agriculture was its centrality in economic policy
. Like the eighteenthcentury French Physiocrats, the Emperor and the
bureaucracy thought of agriculture as the keyeconomic sector. They helped
develop and diffuse new seeds and crops by technical advice. They
commissioned and distributed agricultural handbooks,... 阅读全帖 |
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m*******a
发帖数: 165 | 47 换个比喻吧- Holy Roman Empire is neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire. |
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w****g
发帖数: 634 | 49 64:六部口被碾死五学生 鲜血脑浆在铁蹄下飞溅
六四”事件使江泽民们得了益，但更多的人却为它失去了生命。作为亲歷“六四”事件
的普通学生，血腥惨案的见証人，看到和听到周围的人已经淡忘了此事，甚至有很多人
认为“六四”镇压有利於中共统治的国家时，心中特別悲哀。我想应该让大家知道一些
事实，请大家不要忘记因“六四”而牺牲的普通死难者和那些屠杀他们的中共刽子手们
。 (6
坦克追碾撤離廣場的學生(1/3)──坦克追碾從廣場撤離的學生隊伍/六部口坦克下的冤
魂
1989年6月4日6:15時
陷阱(六四凌晨6:15)﹕一隊學生撤離天安門廣場﹐由南轉上長安街。當他們走到六部口
﹐離黨政中樞機關只有50米的地方﹐三輛坦克從廣場衝來。發射的催淚彈煙霧瀰漫在空
氣中。許多學生試圖跳過路邊的柵欄逃避坦克的追碾。
法文原文﹕6H15 Le piège. Un cortège d'étudiants a quitté Tian Anmen par
le sud et tente de rej... 阅读全帖 |
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w**j
发帖数: 1032 | 50 In the Roman Empire, a family of 6 persons would need to cultivate 12 iugera
/ 3 hectares of land to meet minimum food requirements (without animals).[10
] If a family owned animals to help cultivate land, then 20 iugera was
needed. The same amount would also be required to meet subsistence levels if
the land was farmed using sharecropping, as in Africa Proconsularis in the
2nd century AD, in which case a third of the total crop goes to the
landowner as rent[10] (See Lex Manciana).
Such figures ... 阅读全帖 |
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